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Okay.

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Now let's have a short discussion about common grammar or word choice mistakes.

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These are some of the fatal flaws that lower grades.

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The most common.

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Now, academic writing is much different than other forms of writing, because in academic writing you

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don't write the way you speak.

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You don't use slang.

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Right.

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Do not expect the reader to know what you mean.

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Sometimes in other types of writing, you might assume the reader knows what you mean.

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In academic writing, you don't assume anything right?

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When you make assumptions.

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Or, as I like to say, when you write in a way that requires inferencing.

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If you write in a way that requires inferencing or making inferences, you're about to have a problem

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in terms of your score.

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Don't write in fragments.

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Use complete sentences.

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Always use standard written English.

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Here are some bad habits to avoid in academic writing.

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Don't use you having inconsistent purpose person having inconsistent tense abbreviations using slang

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wana ghana.

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It's okay to use that in speaking but not in writing.

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Don't use etc..

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Avoid ending verbs with n or n instead of i and g.

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Waiting and watching.

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Some of you might think is funny, but I see it a lot.

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Be careful with your pronoun antecedent agreement and reference.

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Right.

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A lot of times students use these pronouns wrong, they use them wrongly.

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And so you have to make sure that you're able to write in a way that uses proper pronouns.

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Mechanical rules never began a sentence with a number.

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Spell it out.

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All numbers below 100 should be spelled out.

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Those above 100 are optional, but you should be consistent.

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Here are some commonly misspelled words you have to be careful with.

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Right.

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I see this very often.

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And you want to make sure that you don't make these simple, basic mistakes.

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If there's any slide that you want to spend some more time looking at, just pause the video and you

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can look at it a little bit longer.

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Unnecessary repetition.

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Unnecessary repetition.

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Now, remember, I told you sometimes when being when being for coherence and cohesion, you might have

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some parts where you have repetition, but we're talking about unnecessary repetition.

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And so if you are being repetitive in your writing, look here, you know, a round circle.

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A circle is automatically round.

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Refer back.

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Right.

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The whole entire world.

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This is the kind of writing that you have to be kind of careful with because it's unnecessary repetition.

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Be careful with some words and phrases to avoid.

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You want to try to avoid contractions.

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This is difficult, and even sometimes I might make a mistake and use a contraction.

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It's difficult sometimes because in many of your your English language schools, they don't tell you

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to avoid contractions in academic writing.

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And so sometimes it's a really difficult habit to break for, even for even a native speaker.

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Avoid beginning sentences with conjunctions.

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Right.

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There are no such.

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Be careful with words that don't exist.

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Be careful of capitalizing words that should not be capitalizing.

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So these are some of the things that you have to be careful with in terms of words and phrases to avoid.

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Is very important that you know your parts of speech and use your parts of speech correctly.

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Here are some more specifics in terms of errors.

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Fragments.

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Oh.

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Fragments.

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Right.

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You've got to be careful with fragments.

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Look at these examples of fragments first.

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The lack of exercise.

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Period.

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Well, what about it?

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OC.

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What about it?

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That's a fragment.

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What are you talking about?

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What?

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About what about the lack of exercise, although the number falling.

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For example, fast food, sweet things and oily food.

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These are fragments.

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When it says fragment, it means you have a period and is an incomplete thought.

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Very often this happens because a student can't write compound sentences correctly, in complex sentences

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correctly.

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And when you're not able to do that, you end up writing fragments.

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Now, here you can look at these examples and you can see how those sentences will be written so that

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they're not fragments.

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Comma splices.

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Comma splices are a type of run on sentence.

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Write their sentences.

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They should be separate but are joined with a comma.

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Run ons are sentences that should be separate but are joined anyway.

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Right?

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In the past, people did not have cars they used to walk.

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Right?

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Why is this a run on?

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Right.

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Because there is.

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There should be something.

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There's no proper comma placement.

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Heart disease is a big problem and kills thousands of people.

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Heart disease is a big problem because it kills thousands of people.

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Our modern our modern life is very easy.

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Jobs are easier than they were 50 years ago.

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Because since.

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Right.

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So very often in essay writing, I see comma splices and comma splices are a huge, huge grammatical

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mistake that you have to stop doing.

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Right.

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You can go ahead.

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And these are some ways that you can fix comma splice problems, right?

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You can use a period, you can use a semicolon, you can use a comma and in coordinating conjunction

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or you can use a subordinating conjunction.

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Your coordinating conjunctions are compound sentences, your subordinate conjunctions, subordinating

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conjunctions are complex sentences, right?

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But these are four ways that you can practice being able to avoid comma splices.

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It all comes from writing sentences correctly.

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Now, if you're just using a lot of periods, that's going to make you fall more into the simplistic

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type of writing, and you won't get a really high score for it.

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You'll be correct, but you won't get a really high score for it.

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If you're using method three and method four, you're going to get a higher score for doing it correctly.

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These are some examples of how to fix common splices.

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So again, if you need to stop the screen right here and take a look at how we fix these comma splices,

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look at look at a and then look at the examples of how we fix the comma splices.

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Here are a few more common splice examples.

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All right.

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You can look and see how these things were fixed.

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Run on sentences.

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A run on sentence is a sentence comprised of two or more independent clauses, not properly separated.

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Right.

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So again, we're talking about really comma splices again.

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It happens because there's a lack of punctuation or conjunctions.

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Incorrect punctuation, a comma splice.

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A run on sentence is not simply a long sentence.

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My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus.

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It is very garlicky.

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What's the problem here?

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Because sense or period.

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It is nearly 5:30.

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We cannot reach town before dark.

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You're missing a conjunction.

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So.

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I have to go to the store.

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I need to buy milk.

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You either have to be very simplistic.

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I have to go to the store.

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Period.

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I need milk.

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I need to buy milk.

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Period.

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Or to get a higher score.

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Create a use a subordinate in conjunction.

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I have to go to the store because I need to buy milk.

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These are more examples of run on sentences.

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You have example on the left and an example on the right.

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Again, if you feel like I'm going through some parts too quickly for you, stop the video.

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Take a look and read more carefully.

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Sometimes you have to be careful with missing main components of sentences.

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Write sentences, have a subject and a predicate.

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And very often, students leave out the subject or leave out the predicate.

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And when you do that, you're creating a grammar problem.

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Subject verb agreement, right?

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In order for a sentence to be grammatically correct is subject and corresponding verb must agree.

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Right.

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They must agree.

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So this is a big, big problem for students.

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And now for most students, if I ask them the rule, they know the rule.

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But what most students have trouble with is performance of the rule.

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Now performance of the rule gets better if you're doing focused practice.

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Right.

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If you're doing folk as the practice, so sometimes you might write a paragraph and if you have problems

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with subject verb agreement, you might say, You know what?

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When I write this program for this program, when I write this paragraph, I'm going to just focus on

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my subject verb agreement.

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I'm going to be mindful and focus on my subject verb agreement to make sure that I'm able to get it

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correct and perfect my ability to do that.

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Here are some examples of subject verb agreement errors.

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Look at example one and look at example two.

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Right.

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See if you can spot the difference.

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An important part of my life have been.

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Right should be an important part of my life has been.

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My life has been not.

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My life have been.

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They have.

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We have.

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Right.

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He has.

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She has.

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My life has.

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Adding a plural as this is another big, big issue that I see sometimes as students leave off.

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This is a grammar mistake that you have to be very careful with everybody.

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Pronouns misusing pronouns again.

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Big, big grammatical problem.

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Stop here and read about this.

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You can learn more about misusing pronouns so you can avoid making that mistake.

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No comma after the introductory phrase.

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Right.

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Like while while it Thanksgiving commercial plate.

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While a Thanksgiving.

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You have to make sure.

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That you have your comma.

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Right.

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So while the Thanksgiving commercial played on the TV.

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Right.

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That's the introductory phrase.

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All right.

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While the Thanksgiving commercial played on the TV, that's the introductory phrase.

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It's also a dependent clause, right?

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So is the introductory phrase and dependent clause.

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And that means we need to have a comma after TV.

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You must have a comma after TV.

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Split infinitives.

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This is really, really, really technical here.

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Right.

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It's not really grammatically wrong.

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Is more about style and what sounds better.

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Right.

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So when you see something where it says here, incorrect is not grammatically incorrect.

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It's just stylistically incorrect is stylistically incorrect.

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Are your dangly modifiers.

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Dangly modifiers are a big problem.

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Look at this example down here by studying how our grades will be improved.

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Contained.

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It contains a dangly modifier because it doesn't identify who will be studying hard.

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So look at the revised sentence here.

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When students study hard, their grades will improve.

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Right dangling modifier means is Hague is hanging there, but it's not being said.

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Right.

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It does.

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It's not there.

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It has to be there.

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It's missing.

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It's a dangling modifier.

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Dangling modifier.

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Be careful with your word.

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Choice, mistakes, misuse words.

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Example There were adverse adverse effects and it should be there were adverse effects.

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I see a lot of word choice mistakes.

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So you have to be careful with that.

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Be careful with unwanted connotations or meanings.

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I see this a lot.

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Example I sprayed the ants in their personal places.

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Yeah, that's grammatically correct, but it doesn't have any real meaning.

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Right.

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You're not spraying them in their personal places.

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I sprayed the ants in their hiding places.

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Again, those are were those are connotation mistakes.

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Connotation mistakes, and sometimes if you only have one of them, it's okay.

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But sometimes I read essays and people have 1010 connotation mistakes.

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And when you have that many connotation mistakes with word choice, that means that you're having issues

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with using the English language properly, and that's what lowers your score.

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Complex words where a shorter or simpler word will do.

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Okay.

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So a lot of times people try to use these big words.

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These big, big words.

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And sometimes I'm writing, I'm writing, I'm making comments to students and I'm saying, well, I

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have no idea what you're talking about.

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Right.

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Because you're using some big, complex word and you're not using it correctly or as contextually used

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incorrectly.

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Be careful with awkward word choice mistakes.

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Right.

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You can take a look at this example, the revision and the reason for the change and get an example

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of what I'm talking about in terms of awkward word choice words that are similar to each other but convey

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the wrong meaning.

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Again, look at the example, the revision, and the reason for the change.

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So you can understand what that means.

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Words that convey finer shades of meaning.

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OC.

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This again, this is where it gets a little bit more more technical.

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But look here.

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Previously, a substantial number of patients with HCP were defined as having previously a substantial

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number of patients with HCP or diagnosed as having again, we're defined as having is not really stylistically

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contextually correct.

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Right.

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The word you should be using is diagnosed.

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Now what I'm talking about are the things that make a difference between somebody that gets an intermediate

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level score right, or a mid range score and somebody that gets a really high level score.

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These are the kind of things that make a difference.

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And some of you are not seeing the all these things I'm talking about.

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These are the kind of things that people are doing that are scoring on the upper scale of the rubric.

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If you're not able to do these things I'm talking about and do these things consistently, you're going

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to have a little bit of trouble scoring on the upper scale of the rubric.

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Right.

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So if you want to learn more about avoiding mistakes, right, you can get more help.

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There's an attachment.

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And if you follow that attachment, there's a link to a grammar diagnostic test.

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You can take that grammar diagnostic test and you can learn a lot more about your grammar issues.

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And also after you take that diagnostic test, they give you rule advice on how to correct your grammar

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mistakes.

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So I hope this is I hope this was helpful for you.

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Because I talk a lot about your your general English needs to really match your skills that you're learning

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in the course, right?

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So I just wanted to mention these things briefly.

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This is not a general English course, right?

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I focus more on the strategies and tactics you need for the exam, but I just wanted to mention some

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of these things because these are issues that come up that some of you need to really go out and do

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some more investigation and correct within your writing.

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So take care.

