1 00:00:00,450 --> 00:00:06,540 Okay, everybody, now it's time to delve into one of the most challenging questions on the aisles reading 2 00:00:06,540 --> 00:00:07,290 exam. 3 00:00:07,650 --> 00:00:10,500 We're going to take a look at the Headings question. 4 00:00:14,260 --> 00:00:19,780 When it comes to the headings question if you look here to the right, this is what we're talking about. 5 00:00:20,050 --> 00:00:29,290 They're going to give you a box and it's going to have seven or nine headings or titles in the box. 6 00:00:29,740 --> 00:00:36,430 And then you see where it says section A, B, C, D, E and F, though those are the different sections 7 00:00:36,430 --> 00:00:39,610 or the different paragraphs that are in the reading passage. 8 00:00:39,850 --> 00:00:49,360 Now your job is basically to match a heading or another way to think about it is match a title to a 9 00:00:49,360 --> 00:00:55,030 paragraph you're giving a heading or a title to a paragraph. 10 00:00:55,420 --> 00:01:04,300 So what you're basically are doing is you have to identify what is the main idea or as in writing, 11 00:01:04,300 --> 00:01:11,770 we would say the controlling idea of this paragraph, whatever the controlling idea is, that's going 12 00:01:11,770 --> 00:01:15,790 to be that's going to correspond to the heading or title match. 13 00:01:16,210 --> 00:01:27,460 So this question is really about identifying the controlling idea or main idea of a body paragraph. 14 00:01:27,640 --> 00:01:29,230 That's the requirement. 15 00:01:31,470 --> 00:01:35,580 Now, this question does not require any scanning. 16 00:01:35,940 --> 00:01:39,450 There's no scanning requirement because it's really straightforward. 17 00:01:39,690 --> 00:01:45,510 Look at the paragraph and decide what's the best heading or title for this paragraph. 18 00:01:45,990 --> 00:01:47,790 There's no scanning involved. 19 00:01:48,120 --> 00:01:53,010 It's a very fast question to do in terms of locating what you need to read. 20 00:01:54,030 --> 00:01:59,880 But this question really requires you to have topic, sentence, understanding. 21 00:02:03,070 --> 00:02:11,260 Now if you are a very good writer for essay test number two, if you're a very good writer, then you 22 00:02:11,260 --> 00:02:17,860 understand that to write really good body paragraphs, you have to have really good topic sentences 23 00:02:17,980 --> 00:02:24,250 because topic sentences give unity and coherence to an entire paragraph, because topic sentences tell 24 00:02:24,250 --> 00:02:29,770 you what the controlling idea or the main idea of that body paragraph is going to be. 25 00:02:30,370 --> 00:02:31,180 So. 26 00:02:32,740 --> 00:02:34,960 To do really well at this question. 27 00:02:34,960 --> 00:02:41,650 You have to be able to take a look at what is the main idea or controlling idea of a paragraph and then 28 00:02:41,650 --> 00:02:43,690 match it up with the heading. 29 00:02:48,340 --> 00:02:55,000 So with the headings question in terms of strategy, again, strategy is really, really straight. 30 00:02:56,140 --> 00:02:58,690 You want to quickly reveal the answer choices. 31 00:02:58,690 --> 00:03:03,610 So here in this situation, we would quickly read through choices 1 to 7. 32 00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:06,250 Really noting the key words. 33 00:03:06,250 --> 00:03:12,550 But we're doing this very quickly, noting the keyword so that we are just it just makes us familiar 34 00:03:12,910 --> 00:03:14,710 with the answer choices. 35 00:03:15,790 --> 00:03:18,760 Then we're going to go ahead and go through the paragraph selection. 36 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:25,300 Now for me, I like to start with the smaller paragraphs first, because they're going to be much easier 37 00:03:25,570 --> 00:03:31,030 and it allows me to get some of the answer choices out of the way in terms of. 38 00:03:32,720 --> 00:03:35,170 In terms of what do you read? 39 00:03:35,180 --> 00:03:37,040 Because students always ask me that. 40 00:03:37,250 --> 00:03:40,550 Well, when I when I get to a paragraph, what am I supposed to read? 41 00:03:41,270 --> 00:03:47,930 If your English ability is good enough, if you have the appropriate English ability, you should just 42 00:03:47,930 --> 00:03:51,440 need to read the first two sentences of a body paragraph. 43 00:03:53,190 --> 00:03:58,920 If you read the first two sentences of a body paragraph, you should have an understanding of what the 44 00:03:58,920 --> 00:04:02,040 controlling idea or main idea of the paragraph is. 45 00:04:02,400 --> 00:04:10,440 Most of the time, when students are reading the entire paragraph, trying to process an entire paragraph, 46 00:04:10,710 --> 00:04:15,840 that's because they don't have very good English or they're using really bad strategy. 47 00:04:16,200 --> 00:04:18,990 Wasting time, wasting time, wasting time. 48 00:04:21,690 --> 00:04:25,860 Sometimes students ask me, Well, can I read the last sentence also? 49 00:04:26,040 --> 00:04:27,450 And that's fine. 50 00:04:28,020 --> 00:04:29,100 That's okay. 51 00:04:29,490 --> 00:04:35,280 But I would be very careful with reading the last reading the last sentence also, because sometimes 52 00:04:35,790 --> 00:04:42,120 they like to connect the answer choice to some word or words that are mentioned in the last sentence. 53 00:04:42,300 --> 00:04:47,850 But those words do not capture what the actual main idea or controlling idea of the paragraph is. 54 00:04:49,680 --> 00:04:54,270 So after you read the first two sentences, then you apply the answer strategy. 55 00:04:54,570 --> 00:05:01,230 Read those first two sentences, capture the controlling idea or main idea, then look in the box and 56 00:05:01,230 --> 00:05:02,920 match it to a heading or a title. 57 00:05:02,940 --> 00:05:08,460 There paraphrases the same meaning that paraphrases the same meaning. 58 00:05:08,490 --> 00:05:09,900 That's what you're doing. 59 00:05:14,770 --> 00:05:21,850 So in terms of some helpful strategic information, I would always do this question last and a set, 60 00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:22,650 right? 61 00:05:22,690 --> 00:05:26,980 So if I have a headings question and then I have a field of blank and just no, not giving question, 62 00:05:27,280 --> 00:05:31,690 I'm going to go ahead and do the fill the blank and yes. 63 00:05:31,690 --> 00:05:37,930 No, not given question first because that's going to give me a really good idea of what all the different 64 00:05:37,930 --> 00:05:39,280 paragraphs are about. 65 00:05:40,140 --> 00:05:47,670 And then when I go back and do the headings question, it's much, much easier to handle that question 66 00:05:47,670 --> 00:05:52,350 because you're more familiar with the different paragraphs in the passage. 67 00:05:54,030 --> 00:06:00,510 Now the difficulty with this question lies in your responsibility of paraphrasing. 68 00:06:00,840 --> 00:06:08,250 You have to be able to paraphrase information, and then you must watch out for exact language traps, 69 00:06:08,250 --> 00:06:15,300 because very often they'll want to pull out an exact word, put in an answer choice, because they know 70 00:06:15,300 --> 00:06:23,190 students with lower level of English ability will say, Oh, I saw the word, I saw this word, and 71 00:06:23,190 --> 00:06:27,540 now they're putting this exact same word in the answer choice that must mean is true. 72 00:06:27,570 --> 00:06:29,400 No, that's wrong. 73 00:06:29,400 --> 00:06:31,650 That's a trap, right? 74 00:06:31,920 --> 00:06:32,370 Correct. 75 00:06:32,370 --> 00:06:33,510 Answer choices. 76 00:06:33,510 --> 00:06:38,070 You might see some words, but a correct answer choice is going to use. 77 00:06:38,070 --> 00:06:40,110 Synonyms is going to paraphrase. 78 00:06:40,110 --> 00:06:41,190 It's going to. 79 00:06:41,460 --> 00:06:42,690 And so you must. 80 00:06:42,690 --> 00:06:43,200 You must. 81 00:06:43,290 --> 00:06:45,750 Because that's the test of English. 82 00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:47,090 Right. 83 00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:52,010 If I'm testing English, that's how I determine if somebody is a seven, eight or nine or if somebody 84 00:06:52,010 --> 00:06:53,330 is a four and a five. 85 00:06:53,750 --> 00:06:56,870 Your ability to handle paraphrasing and synonym language. 86 00:07:03,690 --> 00:07:05,640 So let's take a look at this example here. 87 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:08,100 Here we have headings one, two and three. 88 00:07:08,700 --> 00:07:14,320 And if you look at paragraph B, we look at paragraph B, right? 89 00:07:14,430 --> 00:07:16,170 Look at the first two sentences. 90 00:07:17,400 --> 00:07:20,010 The first two sentences in paragraph B, they say. 91 00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:27,390 There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen. 92 00:07:27,840 --> 00:07:36,090 For industry to take off, there needs to be there needs to be the technology and power to drive factories, 93 00:07:36,090 --> 00:07:42,330 large urban populations, to provide cheap labor, easy transport to move goods around, and affluent 94 00:07:42,330 --> 00:07:45,690 middle class to buy mass produce objects. 95 00:07:45,780 --> 00:07:50,520 A market driven economy and a political system that allows for this to happen. 96 00:07:51,780 --> 00:07:53,190 So what is this? 97 00:07:53,190 --> 00:07:55,950 What is this a match for? 98 00:07:58,460 --> 00:08:00,560 This is the match for choice number two. 99 00:08:01,550 --> 00:08:03,290 Right now, I wrote the number two twice. 100 00:08:03,290 --> 00:08:04,220 I don't know why. 101 00:08:04,850 --> 00:08:06,710 I don't know why I wrote the number two twice. 102 00:08:06,710 --> 00:08:09,260 But this is choice number two, not two. 103 00:08:09,260 --> 00:08:10,340 And then two conditions. 104 00:08:10,340 --> 00:08:11,570 It's choice number two. 105 00:08:12,110 --> 00:08:16,150 Choice number two says conditions require for industrialization. 106 00:08:16,160 --> 00:08:23,720 This whole paragraph four from the first two sentences are giving you the conditions required for industrialisation. 107 00:08:25,770 --> 00:08:27,150 Look at paragraph C. 108 00:08:28,650 --> 00:08:35,520 Why did this why did this particular big bang happen in Britain and why did it strike at the end of 109 00:08:35,520 --> 00:08:36,810 the 18th century? 110 00:08:37,770 --> 00:08:41,010 So clearly, this is a match for number one. 111 00:08:41,880 --> 00:08:45,120 The time and place of the Industrial Revolution. 112 00:08:46,190 --> 00:08:47,810 And in paragraph E. 113 00:08:51,270 --> 00:08:52,440 Tea and beer. 114 00:08:52,470 --> 00:08:56,520 Two of the nation's favorite drinks fueled the revolution. 115 00:08:57,220 --> 00:08:57,530 Right. 116 00:08:57,540 --> 00:08:59,310 So this is clearly number three. 117 00:08:59,550 --> 00:09:02,190 Two keys to Britain's industrial revolution. 118 00:09:03,990 --> 00:09:07,620 You are not required to read entire paragraphs. 119 00:09:08,420 --> 00:09:08,660 All right. 120 00:09:08,760 --> 00:09:16,560 If you can process topic sentences, if you can process topic sentences, you can move to this question 121 00:09:16,560 --> 00:09:17,790 very quickly. 122 00:09:18,270 --> 00:09:25,770 If you have trouble doing that, you're about to waste a lot of time and most likely be inaccurate. 123 00:09:31,390 --> 00:09:32,210 All right. 124 00:09:32,210 --> 00:09:34,310 So let's go ahead and look at another one. 125 00:09:35,530 --> 00:09:36,040 Okay. 126 00:09:36,040 --> 00:09:43,030 So here we see that we have the sections A, B, C, D, we have the headings. 127 00:09:43,030 --> 00:09:45,130 We have one through eight. 128 00:09:45,960 --> 00:09:51,630 So when we look at section, we look at number section A. 129 00:09:52,550 --> 00:09:53,870 If I look a section a. 130 00:09:59,910 --> 00:10:04,680 Music is one of the human species, relatively few universal abilities. 131 00:10:06,410 --> 00:10:13,790 Without formal training, any individual from Stone Age tribesmen to suburban teenager has the ability 132 00:10:14,060 --> 00:10:17,570 to recognize music and in some fashion to make it. 133 00:10:19,700 --> 00:10:26,090 Right now, with this one, and the reason why I pulled this one out for you is when you look at section 134 00:10:26,090 --> 00:10:30,770 A, section A is actually a four paragraph. 135 00:10:31,920 --> 00:10:32,220 Right. 136 00:10:32,220 --> 00:10:35,330 Section A is actually a full paragraph now. 137 00:10:35,370 --> 00:10:41,550 No, you heard me say earlier, only read the first two sentences and that's something that I would 138 00:10:41,550 --> 00:10:44,940 apply, I would say probably 90% of the time. 139 00:10:45,120 --> 00:10:54,190 However, however, however, however, if they give me a really short paragraph, a really short paragraph 140 00:10:54,190 --> 00:10:55,440 by paragraph a. 141 00:10:55,830 --> 00:10:57,330 Go ahead and read. 142 00:10:58,050 --> 00:11:02,790 Right, go ahead and read the entire paragraph, because this is what's happening here. 143 00:11:05,070 --> 00:11:10,740 When you read those first two sentences, music is one of the human species, relatively few universal 144 00:11:10,740 --> 00:11:11,670 abilities. 145 00:11:12,570 --> 00:11:13,170 Right. 146 00:11:13,290 --> 00:11:19,350 One of the few universal abilities without formal training, any individual from Stone Age tribesmen 147 00:11:19,350 --> 00:11:24,270 to suburban teenager has the ability to recognize music and in some fashion to make it. 148 00:11:24,660 --> 00:11:25,350 Now. 149 00:11:26,180 --> 00:11:32,720 When you look at it, when you look at the answer choices from these first two sentences, it doesn't 150 00:11:32,720 --> 00:11:34,310 really match anything yet. 151 00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:37,210 It doesn't really match anything yet. 152 00:11:37,930 --> 00:11:38,530 Then if we. 153 00:11:38,680 --> 00:11:39,330 So when? 154 00:11:39,340 --> 00:11:40,450 Sometimes. 155 00:11:40,660 --> 00:11:43,030 And this is this is what you have to understand. 156 00:11:43,240 --> 00:11:44,220 Some answers. 157 00:11:44,230 --> 00:11:51,610 Some questions are designed for somebody that can really only get like an eight or nine in reading. 158 00:11:52,210 --> 00:11:53,800 And this is one of those. 159 00:11:55,420 --> 00:12:01,300 After all, music isn't necessary for getting through the day and an A, and if it aids in reproduction, 160 00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:04,720 it does so only in highly indirect ways. 161 00:12:04,810 --> 00:12:09,040 Language, by contrast, is also everywhere, but for reasons that are more obvious. 162 00:12:09,550 --> 00:12:20,470 So we can see in this in this this little short little paragraph there, contrasting music and language, 163 00:12:20,470 --> 00:12:22,480 they're contrasting music and language. 164 00:12:22,720 --> 00:12:23,500 So. 165 00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:24,940 Right. 166 00:12:25,090 --> 00:12:33,670 Let's just say that we'll say that 90% of the time we read the first two sentences, but that's always 167 00:12:33,670 --> 00:12:35,020 the first thing I do. 168 00:12:35,560 --> 00:12:42,970 I'm reading the first two sentences and I'm looking for a match because I know 90% of the time that's 169 00:12:42,970 --> 00:12:44,050 all I need. 170 00:12:44,820 --> 00:12:45,990 90% of the time. 171 00:12:45,990 --> 00:12:48,300 That's all I need of those first two sentences. 172 00:12:48,930 --> 00:12:49,560 Right. 173 00:12:49,710 --> 00:12:55,380 But I do have an understanding that with sometimes with a short paragraph, I might have to go ahead 174 00:12:55,380 --> 00:12:56,790 and go through that whole thing. 175 00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:00,680 Section B. 176 00:13:01,920 --> 00:13:02,270 Right. 177 00:13:02,280 --> 00:13:10,440 Section S.B. Some 2500 years ago, Pythagoras was the first to note a direct relationship between the 178 00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:16,320 harmonious ness of a tone combination and the physical dimensions of the object that produce it. 179 00:13:21,510 --> 00:13:22,080 Right. 180 00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:25,140 So this is a match for number seven. 181 00:13:25,590 --> 00:13:30,420 A look back at some of the historical theories because we're talking about something from 2500 years 182 00:13:30,420 --> 00:13:30,990 ago. 183 00:13:31,020 --> 00:13:32,820 We're talking about history. 184 00:13:33,510 --> 00:13:39,630 There's no other answer choice that has that is speaking from a historical standpoint. 185 00:13:44,340 --> 00:13:46,320 And then when we look at Section C. 186 00:13:48,130 --> 00:13:57,010 Schwartz how in Purves or pervades analyze a vast selection of speech sounds from a variety of languages 187 00:13:57,010 --> 00:14:05,080 to reveal the underlying patterns common to all utterances in order to focus on in order to focus only 188 00:14:05,080 --> 00:14:06,460 on the raw sounds. 189 00:14:06,670 --> 00:14:09,880 They discarded all theories about speech and meaning. 190 00:14:10,390 --> 00:14:10,960 Right. 191 00:14:11,230 --> 00:14:17,320 So this is a match for number four because this is current research on music. 192 00:14:17,650 --> 00:14:21,400 This it tells you these guys were doing research. 193 00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:25,420 And what they did was they threw out all the old theories. 194 00:14:25,720 --> 00:14:28,090 That means their research is current. 195 00:14:28,720 --> 00:14:30,430 That's a match for number four. 196 00:14:34,750 --> 00:14:35,160 Okay. 197 00:14:35,230 --> 00:14:43,150 So now coming up next, of course, I'm going to give you a full passage application, a full passage 198 00:14:43,150 --> 00:14:45,190 application where you can do the scanning. 199 00:14:45,190 --> 00:14:46,660 I'm going to show you scanning. 200 00:14:46,690 --> 00:14:48,880 Really, there's no scanning here, everybody. 201 00:14:49,570 --> 00:14:51,190 So it's not really about scanning. 202 00:14:51,190 --> 00:14:55,480 The only scanning you're doing is just going to the paragraph and reading the first two sentences, 203 00:14:55,960 --> 00:14:56,380 right? 204 00:14:56,380 --> 00:15:00,370 And then really it's all is going to be all about answer application. 205 00:15:01,450 --> 00:15:07,900 So thank you so much and I look forward to explaining things to you in the next lecture and helping 206 00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:12,460 you on gaining a clear understanding of how to do this. 207 00:15:12,460 --> 00:15:13,570 Headings Question. 208 00:15:13,630 --> 00:15:14,740 I'll talk to you soon.