1 00:00:10,720 --> 00:00:11,260 All right. 2 00:00:12,040 --> 00:00:18,700 When you're dealing with a field, a blank question, it's the same strategy as section one or a section 3 00:00:18,700 --> 00:00:23,110 two is the same strategy and section three is filled the blank. 4 00:00:23,410 --> 00:00:27,790 So you pay attention to the language that's before and after the blank line. 5 00:00:29,390 --> 00:00:32,240 You pay attention to that language before and after the blank line. 6 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:40,010 Once you have to watch for and section four is that there is a lot of extra talk. 7 00:00:41,440 --> 00:00:45,940 There's a lot of extra talk and there's one one word. 8 00:00:45,970 --> 00:00:48,970 Your answer choice is limited to one word, everybody. 9 00:00:50,140 --> 00:00:52,210 You should see that in your book in front of you. 10 00:00:52,660 --> 00:00:56,380 Your answer choice is list is is is one word. 11 00:00:58,300 --> 00:00:58,930 All right, your answer. 12 00:00:58,930 --> 00:01:00,160 Choice is one word. 13 00:01:03,270 --> 00:01:05,610 So there's a lot of extra talk. 14 00:01:06,600 --> 00:01:13,230 And so like in between number 31 and 32, they might just have they might just say two or three extra 15 00:01:13,230 --> 00:01:14,250 sentences. 16 00:01:14,730 --> 00:01:16,590 And they're doing that on purpose. 17 00:01:17,340 --> 00:01:18,510 They're doing that on purpose. 18 00:01:18,510 --> 00:01:20,490 They're doing that as a distraction. 19 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:23,100 They want to distract you. 20 00:01:23,730 --> 00:01:27,330 They want to distract you from being able to follow the conversation. 21 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:33,490 So it's really important that you're able to keep up with the conversation. 22 00:01:35,190 --> 00:01:35,640 All right. 23 00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:41,370 So I'm going to go ahead and get started now and we'll answer questions 31 through 40. 24 00:01:53,310 --> 00:01:56,340 I want to give you about 30 more seconds to look at the questions. 25 00:03:35,210 --> 00:03:35,810 Okay. 26 00:03:35,840 --> 00:03:37,790 The listing is about to begin. 27 00:03:39,780 --> 00:03:40,980 Section four. 28 00:03:42,500 --> 00:03:47,390 You will hear a lecturer in psychology talking about a type of memory. 29 00:03:48,900 --> 00:03:51,870 First you have some time to look at questions. 30 00:03:51,870 --> 00:03:53,430 31 to 40. 31 00:04:43,400 --> 00:04:46,580 Now listen carefully and answer questions. 32 00:04:46,580 --> 00:04:48,170 31 to 40. 33 00:04:51,310 --> 00:04:59,380 Today, we'll be continuing the series of lectures on memory by focusing on what is called episodic 34 00:04:59,380 --> 00:05:00,160 memory. 35 00:05:00,430 --> 00:05:04,720 And what can happen is this is not working properly. 36 00:05:05,830 --> 00:05:11,410 Episodic memory refers to the memory of an event or episode. 37 00:05:12,310 --> 00:05:19,600 Episodic memories allow us to mentally travel back in time to an event from the past. 38 00:05:20,290 --> 00:05:25,490 Episodic memories include various details about these events. 39 00:05:25,510 --> 00:05:33,700 For example, when an event happened and other information such as the location. 40 00:05:35,100 --> 00:05:37,920 To help understand this concept. 41 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:45,810 Trying to remember the last time you ate dinner at a restaurant, the ability to remember where you 42 00:05:45,810 --> 00:05:53,910 ate, who you were with, and the items you ordered are all features of an episodic memory. 43 00:05:55,140 --> 00:06:02,520 Episodic memory is distinct from another type of memory called semantic memory. 44 00:06:03,270 --> 00:06:09,420 This is the type of factual memory that we have in common with everyone else. 45 00:06:09,840 --> 00:06:14,010 That is your general knowledge of the world. 46 00:06:15,170 --> 00:06:17,630 To build upon a previous example. 47 00:06:17,660 --> 00:06:27,500 Remembering where you parked your car is an example of episodic memory, but your understanding of what 48 00:06:27,500 --> 00:06:34,760 a car is and how an engine works are examples of semantic memory. 49 00:06:35,510 --> 00:06:44,660 Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory isn't dependent on recalling personal experiences. 50 00:06:46,230 --> 00:06:56,400 Episodic memory can be thought of as a process with several different steps of memory processing, encoding, 51 00:06:56,880 --> 00:07:00,420 consolidation and retrieval. 52 00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:05,050 The initial step is called encoding. 53 00:07:06,080 --> 00:07:14,660 This involves the process of receiving and registering information, which is necessary for creating 54 00:07:14,660 --> 00:07:18,770 memories of information or events that you experience. 55 00:07:19,610 --> 00:07:28,160 The degree to which you can successfully encode information depends on the level of attention you give 56 00:07:28,160 --> 00:07:31,760 to an event while it's actually happening. 57 00:07:32,690 --> 00:07:38,330 Being distracted can make effective encoding very difficult. 58 00:07:39,110 --> 00:07:47,060 Encoding of episodic memories is also influenced by how you process the event. 59 00:07:47,540 --> 00:07:55,610 For example, if you were introduced to someone called Charlie, you might make the connection that 60 00:07:55,610 --> 00:07:58,490 your uncle has the same name. 61 00:07:59,150 --> 00:08:07,760 Future recollection of Charlie's name is much easier if you have a strategy to help you encode it. 62 00:08:09,670 --> 00:08:11,820 Memory consolidation. 63 00:08:11,830 --> 00:08:19,930 The next step in forming an episodic memory is the process by which memories of encoded information 64 00:08:20,020 --> 00:08:27,250 are strengthened, stabilized and stored to facilitate later retrieval. 65 00:08:28,580 --> 00:08:38,240 Consolidation is most effective when the information being stored can be linked to an existing network 66 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:39,800 of information. 67 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:48,410 Consolidation makes it possible for you to store memories for later retrieval indefinitely. 68 00:08:49,430 --> 00:08:57,620 Forming strong memories depends on the frequency with which you try to retrieve them. 69 00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:05,000 Memories can fade or become harder to retrieve if they aren't used very often. 70 00:09:06,590 --> 00:09:15,560 The last step in forming episodic memories is called retrieval, which is the conscious recollection 71 00:09:15,560 --> 00:09:17,840 of encoded information. 72 00:09:18,590 --> 00:09:29,360 Retrieving information from episodic memory depends upon semantic, olfactory, auditory and visual 73 00:09:29,360 --> 00:09:30,530 factors. 74 00:09:31,340 --> 00:09:42,050 These help episodic memory retrieval by acting as a prompt, for example, when recalling where you 75 00:09:42,050 --> 00:09:43,370 parked your car. 76 00:09:43,430 --> 00:09:48,680 You may use the color of a sign close to where you parked. 77 00:09:49,430 --> 00:09:54,950 You actually have to mentally travel back to the moment you parked. 78 00:10:00,130 --> 00:10:09,220 There are a wide range of neurological diseases and conditions that can affect episodic memory. 79 00:10:09,940 --> 00:10:16,120 These range from Alzheimer's to schizophrenia to autism. 80 00:10:17,340 --> 00:10:25,710 An impairment of episodic memory can have a profound effect on individuals lives. 81 00:10:26,280 --> 00:10:35,280 For example, the symptoms of schizophrenia can be reasonably well controlled by medication. 82 00:10:35,820 --> 00:10:44,820 However, patients episodic memory may still be impaired, and so they are often unable to return to 83 00:10:44,820 --> 00:10:47,040 university or work. 84 00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:57,490 Recent studies have shown that computer assisted games designed to keep the brain active and help improve 85 00:10:57,490 --> 00:10:59,230 their episodic memory. 86 00:11:01,130 --> 00:11:10,340 Episodic memories can help people connect with others, for instance, by sharing intimate details about 87 00:11:10,340 --> 00:11:17,270 their past, something individuals with autism often have problems with. 88 00:11:18,210 --> 00:11:23,730 This may be caused by an absence of a sense of self. 89 00:11:24,950 --> 00:11:33,980 This is essential for the storage of episodic memory and has been found to be impaired in children with 90 00:11:33,980 --> 00:11:34,880 autism. 91 00:11:36,160 --> 00:11:45,010 Research has shown that treatments that improve memory may also have a positive impact on children's 92 00:11:45,010 --> 00:11:47,020 social development. 93 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:51,080 One study looked at.