1 00:00:00,650 --> 00:00:00,920 OK. 2 00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:04,360 Now it's time to turn your outline into actual text. 3 00:00:04,560 --> 00:00:11,010 And when we write texts in a scientific paper, we don't just write one block of text but instead we structure 4 00:00:11,010 --> 00:00:17,280 that text into subsections called paragraphs. So paragraphs are basically just subsections of the text 5 00:00:17,790 --> 00:00:24,240 and you mark the beginning of a paragraph by starting a new line and indenting that line, which means 6 00:00:24,240 --> 00:00:27,170 basically that you move it a little bit to the right. 7 00:00:27,180 --> 00:00:32,910 So here for example, in this fictional text this would be the beginning of a paragraph and this would 8 00:00:32,910 --> 00:00:38,340 be the beginning of a paragraph and this would be the beginning of a paragraph. And you create these 9 00:00:38,340 --> 00:00:44,070 paragraphs by starting a new line and then pressing the tab button, which will move the text a little 10 00:00:44,070 --> 00:00:50,330 bit to the right. Okay with that in mind, one of the first things you can do is to go to your introduction 11 00:00:50,390 --> 00:00:55,520 outline and ask yourself: what do you want to put in one paragraph? 12 00:00:55,520 --> 00:01:01,790 So in most papers the "importance" parts will be the first paragraph. That doesn't have to be the case all 13 00:01:01,790 --> 00:01:02,480 the time. 14 00:01:02,480 --> 00:01:08,500 For example, if your audience is very very familiar with the topic then it may actually be enough to 15 00:01:08,510 --> 00:01:14,330 have just one sentence about the importance of the topic just to remind your readers why the topic is 16 00:01:14,330 --> 00:01:15,570 important. 17 00:01:15,770 --> 00:01:20,840 But most of the time people spend one whole paragraph on the importance of the topic and I'm going to 18 00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:26,990 show you some examples of that later. Then, the literature review will definitely consist of more parts. 19 00:01:27,440 --> 00:01:32,870 So here for example we could think of "depressive people tend to pay more attention to negative things" 20 00:01:33,500 --> 00:01:38,000 and "depressive people tend to have more have better memory for negative things" 21 00:01:38,180 --> 00:01:45,590 We could think of this together as one paragraph and then we could have a treatment paragraph and then 22 00:01:45,590 --> 00:01:50,540 we could have a paragraph that leads towards our research question by shedding doubt on the treatment 23 00:01:51,110 --> 00:01:55,640 and leading towards our refocus treatment. That could be one way how it works. 24 00:01:55,770 --> 00:02:01,340 And the first question to think about is: what do you want to put in one paragraph? And then, the next 25 00:02:01,340 --> 00:02:05,370 thing you will have to think about is: how are you gonna put this into words? 26 00:02:05,450 --> 00:02:07,390 And I'm gonna help you with that in the next lectures. 27 00:02:07,460 --> 00:02:11,720 But before I do that I quickly want to show you a resource that you can get right after this lecture 28 00:02:12,190 --> 00:02:16,050 and that can help you to express things that you may want to express in your paper. 29 00:02:16,790 --> 00:02:23,420 And I'm talking about the "useful English expressions" sheet. And in that sheet you find expressions for 30 00:02:23,450 --> 00:02:28,700 all kinds of things that you may want to do in your paper. For example, expressions to explain something 31 00:02:29,450 --> 00:02:35,420 such as for example the expression "for this purpose". And then you see how it is used and you also see 32 00:02:35,480 --> 00:02:45,650 an example. And you find expressions for all kinds of things for example to add information or for describing 33 00:02:45,650 --> 00:02:52,530 a sequence of steps or events or to demonstrate a contrast if you want to point out a conflict in the 34 00:02:52,530 --> 00:03:03,310 literature for example that will be very useful or to give examples or to narrow your point down or 35 00:03:03,340 --> 00:03:09,600 to signal that something is important or to draw conclusions from your findings. 36 00:03:11,330 --> 00:03:18,940 Or to make an inference. If you want to build a logical chain then these expressions can be useful. Or 37 00:03:18,940 --> 00:03:25,680 if you want to conclude with reservations, which is a very common thing for a scientist. Or if you want 38 00:03:25,680 --> 00:03:29,310 to summarize. So you can find a lot of expressions in here. 39 00:03:29,310 --> 00:03:33,220 So I just want to say that if you get stuck and you don't know how to express something: 40 00:03:33,390 --> 00:03:38,250 Have a look at the common expression sheet and see whether you can find something useful in there. 41 00:03:38,610 --> 00:03:42,780 And there's one more thing that I want to show you that you can also download to help you with the writing 42 00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:44,490 after of this lecture. 43 00:03:44,490 --> 00:03:51,360 Among other things you will find the "introduction outline and writing template" which is a PDF and on 44 00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:57,570 the first page you will find an example of an outline and on the second page you will find some common 45 00:03:57,570 --> 00:04:01,400 expressions that you can use in each part of the introduction section. 46 00:04:01,740 --> 00:04:05,430 And I'm going to walk you through the writing of each part of the introduction section in more detail 47 00:04:05,430 --> 00:04:06,540 in the next lectures. 48 00:04:06,690 --> 00:04:11,880 But I already wanted to let you know that there is also this PDF that you can use for orientation. 49 00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:12,180 All right. 50 00:04:12,180 --> 00:04:15,270 So next we're going to zoom into each part of the introduction section. 51 00:04:15,360 --> 00:04:16,380 I see you in the next lecture.