WEBVTT 00:00.320 --> 00:01.100 Hello guys. 00:01.100 --> 00:04.220 So we are going to continue the discussion with respect to Python. 00:04.220 --> 00:09.500 And in this video we are going to discuss about the most important module that is called as functions. 00:09.500 --> 00:11.600 So what is the entire video outline? 00:11.600 --> 00:15.140 In this video I will be discussing about what exactly is functions. 00:15.140 --> 00:16.790 Why do we require functions? 00:16.820 --> 00:21.350 Along with that, we will also be seeing about uh, calling a function defining a function. 00:21.350 --> 00:22.190 How do we define it? 00:22.220 --> 00:23.630 What is the syntax of it. 00:23.630 --> 00:28.580 Then along with that we will be discussing about functions parameter default parameters. 00:28.610 --> 00:30.710 Then what is variable length arguments. 00:30.740 --> 00:30.980 You know. 00:31.010 --> 00:36.710 So there are some very important arguments like positional argument and keyword argument will be discussing 00:36.710 --> 00:37.460 about that. 00:37.490 --> 00:41.210 Then we will also be discussing about return statement. 00:41.210 --> 00:46.130 So we will be covering each and every thing uh, with the help of again code with the help of Python. 00:46.190 --> 00:46.520 Yeah. 00:46.550 --> 00:49.940 Each and every thing will try to write it down with multiple examples. 00:49.940 --> 00:55.610 And I'll be making sure that you understand this, because this is one of the most important thing, 00:55.610 --> 01:00.270 because whenever we are writing any data science projects or Python projects, we will be definitely 01:00.270 --> 01:01.800 using a lot of functions. 01:01.800 --> 01:04.980 So first of all, let's go ahead and define the function. 01:05.010 --> 01:07.530 A function is a block of code. 01:07.560 --> 01:08.190 Okay. 01:08.220 --> 01:09.120 Again I'm repeating it. 01:09.150 --> 01:13.350 A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. 01:13.380 --> 01:19.530 A functions help in organizing code, reusing code, and improving readability. 01:19.560 --> 01:23.580 Okay, so it is a block of code that performs a specific task. 01:23.610 --> 01:27.360 It helps in organizing code, reusing code, and improving readability. 01:27.510 --> 01:31.290 One of the best syntax if you really want to check it out right. 01:31.320 --> 01:32.790 So this is the syntax. 01:32.790 --> 01:35.400 So here I'm just going to give you the syntax. 01:35.400 --> 01:37.350 This function is an empty function. 01:37.350 --> 01:41.370 I've just written it for the for just to make you understand. 01:41.370 --> 01:44.550 So first of all a function starts with a definition keyword. 01:44.580 --> 01:46.980 Then you have the function name. 01:46.980 --> 01:49.710 And if any parameters that you are defining. 01:49.710 --> 01:51.780 So we have to define the parameters. 01:51.900 --> 01:53.760 This is docstring. 01:54.000 --> 02:00.400 Docstring is just to use to uh you know write some kind of comments, what the specific function does 02:00.400 --> 02:04.120 so that any De developer will be able to understand it. 02:04.390 --> 02:07.180 Along with that, we will go ahead and write our function body. 02:07.210 --> 02:11.410 Function body is more about all the code that we are going to use inside the function. 02:11.410 --> 02:14.110 And then finally we return some kind of value. 02:14.140 --> 02:14.620 Okay. 02:14.650 --> 02:17.890 It is not necessary that a return should be there. 02:17.890 --> 02:22.300 Some of the functions may not have return value, but some of the functions will definitely have a lot 02:22.330 --> 02:23.380 of return value. 02:23.410 --> 02:24.250 Okay. 02:24.490 --> 02:27.850 So uh this is the basic syntax. 02:27.850 --> 02:33.010 Now let me just go ahead and tell or talk about why do we require function. 02:33.040 --> 02:33.250 Okay. 02:33.280 --> 02:34.840 Why functions. 02:34.840 --> 02:38.080 This is important for everybody to understand. 02:38.110 --> 02:41.020 Let's say I am creating a number variable. 02:41.020 --> 02:47.380 And I go ahead and write a code which will be able to check whether a number is even or odd. 02:47.380 --> 02:53.830 So suppose if I go ahead and write if num modulus two or percentile two is double equal to zero, then 02:53.830 --> 02:58.230 obviously I'll say hey print the number is even, right? 02:58.290 --> 02:59.910 So I'm just going to write. 02:59.910 --> 03:01.470 The number is even else. 03:01.470 --> 03:06.060 What I usually do is that in this I will go ahead and print and write. 03:06.150 --> 03:10.170 The number is odd right. 03:10.290 --> 03:14.010 So here what exactly is basically happening. 03:14.040 --> 03:16.560 We are just going to check whether a number is even or not. 03:16.590 --> 03:21.120 And obviously if I go ahead and execute this condition will be true because the number is even. 03:21.120 --> 03:22.500 And I'm going to get the answer. 03:22.500 --> 03:23.250 The number is even. 03:23.280 --> 03:23.850 Okay. 03:24.150 --> 03:30.540 Now let's say in my project I want to write this piece of code, and I need to reuse this piece of code 03:30.540 --> 03:35.580 in multiple places, because in multiple places I'm going to check whether a number is odd or even. 03:35.610 --> 03:40.860 Right now, in this case, what I have to do, I have to copy this same code and use it in multiple 03:40.860 --> 03:43.200 files instead of this. 03:43.200 --> 03:47.880 A better way of reusing the entire code will be with the help of functions. 03:47.880 --> 03:48.150 Now what? 03:48.150 --> 03:51.300 I will do this entire code I will write inside a function. 03:51.540 --> 03:56.050 Now the best way to write is that let's say I will go ahead and create my definition keyword. 03:56.050 --> 04:00.040 I will say, hey, my function name is even or odd, okay? 04:00.160 --> 04:04.060 And this will specifically take a parameter which is called as number. 04:04.150 --> 04:07.960 And now I will go ahead and write my condition inside this. 04:07.960 --> 04:08.260 Right. 04:08.290 --> 04:14.590 So as soon as I go ahead and press enter, that basically means I'm inside my function. 04:14.620 --> 04:14.800 Right. 04:14.830 --> 04:18.070 So automatically the indentation goes inside this function block. 04:18.070 --> 04:18.700 Right. 04:19.390 --> 04:23.080 Now the first thing is that I can go ahead and write my docstring. 04:23.110 --> 04:33.820 The docstring will be like, hey, this function performs um finds even or odd, okay, even or odd. 04:33.820 --> 04:36.280 So this is what I'm specifically writing over here. 04:36.340 --> 04:37.930 So this becomes my docstring. 04:37.930 --> 04:40.930 It is not compulsory that you really need to write a docstring. 04:40.930 --> 04:43.270 You can leave it completely empty. 04:43.720 --> 04:48.490 Uh, and you may also not even write any of these things, but it is a good practice that we should 04:48.490 --> 04:51.190 definitely write some information about the function itself. 04:51.820 --> 04:55.310 Uh, now I will go ahead and write my code inside this. 04:55.310 --> 04:56.390 Now I will go ahead and write. 04:56.390 --> 05:01.340 If num num is nothing but the same, uh, parameter that I'm actually getting. 05:01.340 --> 05:02.810 And this is basically my parameter. 05:02.810 --> 05:16.010 If num percentile two is double equal to zero, I will go ahead and print the the the number is even 05:16.070 --> 05:20.330 or I will go ahead and write else print. 05:23.000 --> 05:25.490 The number is odd right. 05:25.490 --> 05:28.550 So here you can see I have defined this entire function. 05:28.550 --> 05:32.060 Now I'll just go ahead and press it and execute it right. 05:32.060 --> 05:36.140 So as soon as I execute it I have actually created my first function. 05:36.170 --> 05:36.500 Right. 05:36.530 --> 05:37.610 And this is amazing. 05:37.610 --> 05:41.870 And if you have also created it, always make sure the indentation is managed. 05:41.870 --> 05:45.260 If the indentation is right then everything is going to work fine. 05:45.290 --> 05:45.740 Okay. 05:45.770 --> 05:48.530 Let's say if I miss out the indentation I execute it. 05:48.530 --> 05:49.700 I will be getting an error. 05:49.700 --> 05:53.010 It will be saying hey, expected an and intended block after the if statement. 05:53.010 --> 05:55.560 And this is what we have actually done. 05:56.490 --> 05:58.950 Okay, so I'll just control Z. 05:58.980 --> 05:59.220 Yeah. 05:59.250 --> 06:00.270 Now we are fine. 06:00.270 --> 06:02.490 I'll go ahead and create my function even or odd. 06:02.520 --> 06:04.830 Now in order to call this function. 06:04.830 --> 06:11.460 So let's call this function now wherever I want to use this code to find even or odd, I will just call 06:11.460 --> 06:13.140 this function okay. 06:13.170 --> 06:17.640 In order to call this function just go ahead and call the function name. 06:17.640 --> 06:20.520 And here you just need to provide your parameter. 06:20.550 --> 06:21.060 Right. 06:21.060 --> 06:24.930 So let's say the number parameter that I'm giving I want to give it as 24. 06:24.960 --> 06:30.150 Now if I go ahead and execute it here you can see that automatically it is printing the number is even. 06:30.150 --> 06:33.420 Because as soon as I give the parameter it went over here. 06:33.420 --> 06:35.160 It went and checked all this condition. 06:35.160 --> 06:37.830 Whichever is true, it printed it right. 06:38.130 --> 06:42.690 A very simple way of creating a function and calling a function. 06:42.690 --> 06:44.310 And why do we require a function? 06:44.310 --> 06:46.560 Because every way we cannot write the code. 06:46.560 --> 06:48.390 We need to reuse this kind of code. 06:48.390 --> 06:53.820 So whenever you think okay, I have some set of code block which I really need to reuse it. 06:53.820 --> 06:59.160 I will try to create that entire thing inside a function itself and I'll reuse it. 06:59.160 --> 06:59.430 Right. 06:59.460 --> 07:04.470 So through this, the most important thing will be that it helps in organizing code, reusing code, 07:04.470 --> 07:07.110 and improving readability, improving readability. 07:07.140 --> 07:07.530 Why? 07:07.560 --> 07:12.390 Because we are also writing some amazing docstring over here so that we'll be able to understand, because 07:12.390 --> 07:16.410 in a company, many people will work, many people will write different, different code over there. 07:16.410 --> 07:17.940 Multiple modules will be built. 07:17.970 --> 07:18.510 Okay. 07:18.540 --> 07:22.770 So this was a basic example with respect to function. 07:22.770 --> 07:26.850 I have also spoken about a parameter like what exactly is a parameter? 07:26.850 --> 07:28.650 How do you give a parameter in this? 07:29.550 --> 07:33.420 Now there may be scenario that I may also have multiple parameters. 07:33.420 --> 07:35.580 So let's work with multiple parameter. 07:35.580 --> 07:43.050 So here I will go ahead and write function with multiple parameters okay. 07:45.060 --> 07:48.690 And parameters you can give integer string whatever things you require. 07:48.690 --> 07:50.280 So I will go ahead and write definition. 07:50.310 --> 07:56.730 And let's say I want to go ahead and create a add function to add two numbers. 07:56.730 --> 07:59.790 So I will go ahead and write definition, add a comma b. 07:59.790 --> 08:04.200 And let's say I go ahead and write my docstring again not compulsory. 08:04.200 --> 08:06.000 I can also leave it like this. 08:06.270 --> 08:06.510 Okay. 08:06.510 --> 08:07.620 Just to show it to you. 08:07.620 --> 08:09.090 That is the reason I'm writing. 08:09.360 --> 08:09.720 Okay. 08:09.750 --> 08:11.310 So I will go back over here. 08:11.310 --> 08:11.970 Press enter. 08:11.970 --> 08:15.150 So I'm inside this particular code block. 08:15.210 --> 08:18.960 Now I know that I have to add two variables right. 08:18.990 --> 08:19.830 So I will create. 08:19.860 --> 08:24.210 One way is that I will create a variable c a plus b okay. 08:24.210 --> 08:30.840 And then I can return this c output from that particular function okay. 08:30.870 --> 08:34.560 Return c plus c which is nothing but a plus b. 08:34.710 --> 08:37.020 Whatever sum is there, we are just going to return it. 08:37.020 --> 08:39.000 A better way of writing the code. 08:39.030 --> 08:43.320 Instead of writing C, I can directly write return a plus B, right? 08:43.350 --> 08:44.520 So here what we are doing. 08:44.550 --> 08:47.590 We are just returning the sum of A and B. 08:47.920 --> 08:52.690 Now all I have to do is that create a variable and add. 08:53.230 --> 08:54.670 Call this add function. 08:54.670 --> 08:56.650 Here I'm going to give two comma four. 08:56.680 --> 08:58.150 Now what is going to get. 08:58.180 --> 09:00.250 What value result is going to get. 09:00.850 --> 09:05.170 As soon as we call this function two comma four it will just return two plus four. 09:05.200 --> 09:08.980 Whatever will be the result like six it will be stored over here. 09:09.010 --> 09:16.180 Now if I go ahead and print the result here, you'll be able to see that I'm able to get the six value. 09:16.210 --> 09:20.380 So here you can have any number of parameters and code. 09:20.380 --> 09:21.670 Whatever things you are writing. 09:21.670 --> 09:24.850 You can basically use this parameter and write any code that you want. 09:24.880 --> 09:25.480 Okay. 09:25.630 --> 09:29.410 So uh, it is up to you what kind of function that you are building. 09:29.410 --> 09:34.360 And as we go ahead with multiple examples, if we see in the future and in the upcoming videos, we'll 09:34.390 --> 09:36.190 be writing very complex functions. 09:36.190 --> 09:39.430 There is there is something called as decorators lambda function. 09:39.430 --> 09:41.440 Many things will be probably coming one by one. 09:41.440 --> 09:42.490 We will be learning first. 09:42.520 --> 09:43.870 We will start with basics. 09:43.870 --> 09:49.280 Then slowly, slowly we'll be building the blocks with respect to the learning and then we will be continuing 09:49.280 --> 09:49.640 on. 09:49.670 --> 09:55.490 Okay, now let me just go ahead and show you and talk about one very important thing, which is called 09:55.490 --> 09:57.200 as default parameters. 09:57.230 --> 10:01.490 We can also provide default parameters within our function okay. 10:01.520 --> 10:03.710 Now what exactly is default parameters. 10:04.700 --> 10:07.400 Let's say I create a function okay. 10:07.430 --> 10:10.730 I create a function saying as definition greed. 10:10.760 --> 10:11.360 Okay. 10:11.660 --> 10:12.860 Definition greed. 10:12.860 --> 10:14.930 This function is responsible. 10:14.930 --> 10:18.680 Uh, let's say I give a name over here, right? 10:18.710 --> 10:20.630 Let's say one parameter is name. 10:20.660 --> 10:21.200 Okay. 10:21.380 --> 10:23.450 And here I'm just going to write. 10:23.450 --> 10:24.230 Print. 10:25.250 --> 10:25.820 Okay. 10:26.810 --> 10:29.720 Uh, I'll use the f string and say that okay. 10:29.750 --> 10:34.220 I want to probably, uh, write some information. 10:34.220 --> 10:37.280 Let's say I want to say hello. 10:37.310 --> 10:38.330 Hello. 10:39.080 --> 10:40.760 Whatever the person name is. 10:40.790 --> 10:41.360 Okay. 10:41.390 --> 10:43.450 So I'm going to just go ahead and print this. 10:43.480 --> 10:43.720 Okay. 10:43.750 --> 10:45.670 And this is what is my definition of greed. 10:45.700 --> 10:48.370 Greed is just more like a welcoming someone. 10:48.400 --> 10:49.090 Okay. 10:49.120 --> 10:50.290 Welcoming someone. 10:50.320 --> 10:53.470 Now, what I will do is that I will just go ahead. 10:54.670 --> 10:56.620 Just go ahead and call this function. 10:56.620 --> 10:58.360 So I will go ahead and write, greet. 10:58.360 --> 11:01.240 And let me say that Krish has entered somewhere. 11:01.240 --> 11:05.770 So I will just give the Krish parameter like, let's say you are entering a restaurant and as soon as 11:05.770 --> 11:12.010 you write Krish over there in one of the application and suddenly I will get a message saying that. 11:12.040 --> 11:12.970 Hello Krish. 11:13.000 --> 11:13.570 Okay. 11:13.600 --> 11:15.880 Or welcome something like this. 11:15.880 --> 11:19.720 Welcome to the Paradise. 11:19.720 --> 11:21.910 Let's say this is my message. 11:21.910 --> 11:22.540 Hello, Krish. 11:22.540 --> 11:23.500 Welcome to the Paradise. 11:23.500 --> 11:28.150 So as soon as I give this parameter automatically, this will get replaced over here. 11:28.180 --> 11:28.750 Okay. 11:29.230 --> 11:33.370 Now I may also give one parameter. 11:33.370 --> 11:36.460 I may also give some parameters with a default value. 11:36.490 --> 11:36.970 Okay. 11:37.000 --> 11:38.080 With a default value. 11:38.080 --> 11:39.430 Now what does that particular mean? 11:39.460 --> 11:40.000 Okay. 11:40.360 --> 11:45.630 Let's say I just go over here and this time I don't give Krish. 11:45.660 --> 11:46.020 Okay. 11:46.050 --> 11:49.140 I'll just try to execute this without giving any parameter. 11:49.230 --> 11:54.330 So here you can see I will be getting an error greet missing one requirement positional argument. 11:54.360 --> 11:54.600 Okay. 11:54.630 --> 11:56.580 We will talk about what exactly is positional argument. 11:56.580 --> 11:57.840 More about it. 11:57.840 --> 12:02.940 But here you can see that I have given this particular name parameter over here, but I have not given 12:02.940 --> 12:04.230 any parameter when I'm calling it. 12:04.230 --> 12:06.330 And that is the reason I'm getting this one. 12:06.330 --> 12:08.040 Missing one required positional argument. 12:08.070 --> 12:08.610 Okay. 12:08.760 --> 12:14.880 Now in order to solve this problem, what I can do, I will say since I'm not giving the name, I may 12:14.880 --> 12:17.910 give a default value to the name. 12:17.910 --> 12:21.240 Let's say if I'm not giving it over here, then what will happen? 12:21.270 --> 12:21.480 It will. 12:21.510 --> 12:26.880 First of all, go and see whether the greet name is equal to guest is given or not. 12:27.510 --> 12:32.940 Now, if I go ahead and execute this, see, I'm not giving any parameter but the default parameter, 12:32.940 --> 12:34.170 it will take it as guest. 12:34.200 --> 12:34.740 Okay. 12:34.740 --> 12:37.080 So if I go ahead and execute it here you can see. 12:37.110 --> 12:37.770 Hello guest. 12:37.770 --> 12:39.150 Welcome to the Paradise. 12:39.180 --> 12:41.550 Let's say if I go ahead and give the name. 12:42.000 --> 12:42.300 Okay. 12:42.330 --> 12:46.740 Over here, let's say the guest is not interested to give the name, so by default it will take it as 12:46.740 --> 12:47.250 guest. 12:47.250 --> 12:51.570 But if I'm giving my name, it will just replace the guest will get replaced with Krish. 12:51.600 --> 12:51.960 Okay. 12:51.990 --> 12:57.180 So this is some good example with respect to the default parameters. 12:57.180 --> 13:00.090 And this is how you can also assign default parameters. 13:00.300 --> 13:06.090 Now we are going to discuss about the main topic which you will be seeing in function. 13:06.090 --> 13:14.940 That is nothing but variable length length arguments okay. 13:15.270 --> 13:19.890 Now in the variable length arguments here we are going to discuss about two things. 13:19.890 --> 13:24.180 One is positional and keyword argument. 13:24.210 --> 13:24.840 Okay. 13:25.020 --> 13:28.020 Positional and keyword argument okay. 13:28.140 --> 13:32.940 Keyword arguments okay. 13:33.510 --> 13:37.800 Now let me do let me tell you one very important thing. 13:37.800 --> 13:41.740 Let's say that I have in a function many, many parameters as such. 13:41.770 --> 13:42.370 Okay. 13:42.430 --> 13:52.360 And let me just define one simple function that is called as definition print underscore numbers okay. 13:52.600 --> 13:58.000 And here inside this let's say I have like this okay. 13:58.000 --> 13:58.690 Number one. 13:58.690 --> 13:59.620 Number two. 13:59.650 --> 14:00.580 Number three. 14:00.610 --> 14:01.690 Number four. 14:01.690 --> 14:02.650 Number five. 14:02.680 --> 14:04.360 Like this I have many, many parameters. 14:04.360 --> 14:05.320 In short okay. 14:05.500 --> 14:12.490 It's just not one single parameter I can I am basically having many, many, many many parameters. 14:12.520 --> 14:13.000 Okay. 14:13.000 --> 14:17.710 So what I will do instead of just writing all the parameter names, right? 14:17.740 --> 14:23.980 I will use one very simple positional argument which we denote it as star args. 14:24.010 --> 14:24.550 Okay. 14:24.670 --> 14:26.080 Now it is not necessary. 14:26.080 --> 14:27.490 You need to write star args. 14:27.490 --> 14:29.710 I can go ahead and write star crush also. 14:29.740 --> 14:30.400 Okay. 14:30.760 --> 14:32.440 But it is always a good practice. 14:32.470 --> 14:34.600 What is followed throughout the entire world? 14:34.600 --> 14:36.400 The same practice we should also do. 14:36.430 --> 14:39.090 Now In this particular case, I will just show you its stock price. 14:39.120 --> 14:42.390 Then we will go ahead and write with the documentation. 14:42.390 --> 14:47.550 Like what is the best practices argument we specifically use like positional arguments is basically 14:47.550 --> 14:49.980 given by star args. 14:50.010 --> 14:53.160 As I said, it need not be a args. 14:53.190 --> 14:54.270 I can also write Krish. 14:54.300 --> 14:58.380 Okay, now I will go ahead and go ahead inside this particular function. 14:58.830 --> 15:00.930 Now here what I will do. 15:00.930 --> 15:04.410 As you know the star creche will be having multiple parameters. 15:04.410 --> 15:10.410 So what I will do, I will just go ahead and write four numbers in creche. 15:10.440 --> 15:10.920 Okay. 15:10.950 --> 15:12.180 Which is my argument. 15:12.180 --> 15:18.810 I will go ahead and print numbers okay okay I will go ahead and print number okay. 15:18.840 --> 15:20.040 Now see this okay. 15:20.100 --> 15:21.810 So this becomes my function. 15:21.810 --> 15:23.910 Please observe very carefully okay. 15:23.940 --> 15:27.480 Now my print underscore numbers function. 15:27.480 --> 15:33.510 When I'm calling let's say I have one comma two comma 345 comma six comma creche. 15:33.540 --> 15:35.220 It can be anything okay. 15:35.260 --> 15:37.570 So these are all the parameters that I have. 15:37.600 --> 15:39.790 You can see it is a set of parameters. 15:39.790 --> 15:43.330 And this parameters are basically called as positional arguments. 15:43.360 --> 15:43.600 Okay. 15:43.630 --> 15:46.120 Positional arguments one after the other. 15:46.150 --> 15:47.710 Now if I go ahead and execute. 15:47.740 --> 15:48.940 Now see the magic. 15:48.970 --> 15:53.230 This all the parameters will be referenced by Star Crush. 15:53.260 --> 15:53.440 Okay. 15:53.470 --> 15:57.730 So crush will be a variable which will be referring all this particular positional arguments. 15:57.760 --> 16:02.680 Now if I go ahead and execute it now clearly here you can see for all the numbers it is being able to 16:02.710 --> 16:03.850 iterate through this. 16:03.880 --> 16:05.020 Right 1234. 16:05.020 --> 16:07.360 And it is displaying it something like this okay. 16:07.390 --> 16:09.100 Because here I just used one. 16:09.100 --> 16:13.540 So this star crush is basically referring to all the positional arguments right. 16:13.570 --> 16:16.990 Positional arguments basically means all the arguments that is given over here. 16:17.020 --> 16:17.620 Okay. 16:17.650 --> 16:24.340 Now, as I always said, the best practice would be I will go ahead and write this and I will say args. 16:24.370 --> 16:24.550 Okay. 16:24.550 --> 16:28.810 So args is a kind of argument positional argument that we basically use. 16:28.840 --> 16:29.020 Okay. 16:29.050 --> 16:32.470 So here I'm going to write positional arguments. 16:33.320 --> 16:33.950 Okay. 16:34.340 --> 16:37.670 White is important because I may have many number of arguments over there. 16:37.700 --> 16:40.790 Okay, so I may directly use this specific thing. 16:40.820 --> 16:41.360 Okay. 16:41.390 --> 16:46.460 Now the other thing will be that okay, this is fine if I go ahead and execute it. 16:46.460 --> 16:50.990 And if I execute the same thing okay, I will be able to get the same answer. 16:50.990 --> 16:51.410 Fine. 16:51.410 --> 16:51.800 Perfect. 16:51.800 --> 16:53.690 123456 crash. 16:53.780 --> 17:00.410 Now there is also one more important function which is called as keyword argument. 17:02.120 --> 17:04.370 Okay, now what exactly is keyword argument? 17:04.400 --> 17:09.080 Okay, uh, let me just go ahead and create one more function. 17:09.110 --> 17:09.650 Okay. 17:09.740 --> 17:16.490 Let's say I will go ahead and write uh, print uh sorry definition print underscore detail. 17:16.910 --> 17:22.160 Now how it is different from positional argument you'll be able to understand keyword argument is given 17:22.160 --> 17:23.420 by double star. 17:24.110 --> 17:26.330 And you can write any parameter that you have. 17:26.330 --> 17:34.110 So usually the best practice that is basically used is k w a r g s k w basically means keyword argument, 17:34.140 --> 17:34.650 right? 17:34.680 --> 17:37.440 ARGs is a simple positional argument. 17:37.980 --> 17:40.770 Now inside this, let me do one thing. 17:41.760 --> 17:45.780 One thing that you really need to remember in keyword argument. 17:45.840 --> 17:51.540 All the keys or all the parameters will be in the form of key value pair. 17:51.600 --> 17:52.320 Okay. 17:52.350 --> 17:54.750 Again, I'm repeating it in keyword arguments. 17:54.750 --> 18:00.510 All the parameters will be in the form of key value arguments like key value pairs. 18:00.690 --> 18:04.230 Now you know if it is in the form of key value pairs. 18:04.260 --> 18:08.550 That basically means you'll be able to access this like how we access dictionaries. 18:08.550 --> 18:20.280 So I may go ahead and write uh for key comma value in k w a args dot items. 18:20.280 --> 18:21.000 Right. 18:21.180 --> 18:22.860 Dot items right. 18:22.890 --> 18:26.880 If I go ahead and execute this now, what will happen if I go ahead and print it. 18:26.880 --> 18:28.920 So it will be nothing but f. 18:30.950 --> 18:36.920 Key colon value. 18:36.950 --> 18:37.610 Right. 18:37.610 --> 18:39.380 So I'll just go ahead and execute this. 18:39.380 --> 18:41.630 Now how do we provide a keyword argument. 18:41.630 --> 18:42.440 It's very simple. 18:42.440 --> 18:46.790 Let's say I want to just go ahead and print out these details. 18:46.790 --> 18:54.050 Let's say my first parameter is nothing but name okay I've not defined it anywhere but but during runtime 18:54.050 --> 18:55.520 I'm just giving name. 18:55.580 --> 19:01.310 Chris, age 32 and let's say uh, city or country. 19:01.310 --> 19:04.400 I'll go ahead and write country is nothing but India. 19:04.910 --> 19:12.590 Okay, now if I go ahead and print all these details so directly, see in if all my values is in the 19:12.590 --> 19:18.770 form of key value pair, where I'm using a key name, I'm using a value name key value key value. 19:18.770 --> 19:25.700 So all these parameters will be referenced by star star kW args okay. 19:25.730 --> 19:28.070 Star star kW args. 19:28.320 --> 19:34.530 If all the parameters are just written like this, where it does not have any key name, then this basically 19:34.530 --> 19:36.240 becomes a positional argument. 19:36.270 --> 19:40.770 Okay, now let's combine both of them and let's see how things work out right now. 19:40.800 --> 19:41.280 Okay. 19:41.280 --> 19:43.890 So I will just go ahead and write definition. 19:44.310 --> 19:44.880 Okay. 19:44.880 --> 19:47.730 And how do I specify my positional key argument. 19:47.760 --> 19:49.620 Nothing but star args. 19:49.620 --> 19:51.180 So this will be my first parameter. 19:51.210 --> 19:52.710 This will be my second parameter. 19:52.740 --> 19:55.710 Now in my first parameter I will go ahead and write. 19:55.740 --> 19:57.630 And let me just go ahead and display this. 19:57.630 --> 20:01.950 And for ARGs I'm just going to display this values. 20:01.980 --> 20:02.520 Okay. 20:02.550 --> 20:05.640 Let's say I will not take numbers because I can display anything right. 20:05.640 --> 20:08.520 For val in args print val. 20:08.550 --> 20:09.090 Okay. 20:09.570 --> 20:15.390 And here also what I'm going to do just to make it much more better I'm going to use a f string. 20:15.540 --> 20:19.500 And here I'm just going to use this indication. 20:20.580 --> 20:22.350 And I'm going to write over here. 20:22.380 --> 20:22.890 Right. 20:22.890 --> 20:27.060 So what I have done over here for val in args print val okay. 20:27.100 --> 20:31.600 for key comma value in k w args dot items key. 20:31.780 --> 20:33.100 We are just going to print this. 20:33.130 --> 20:40.390 Now the best way is that I will go ahead and write over here something like positional argument argument. 20:40.480 --> 20:41.050 Okay. 20:41.170 --> 20:42.340 And this will be my value. 20:42.340 --> 20:44.920 Now see now I'm using both of them right. 20:44.950 --> 20:47.260 Now how this function is able to identify. 20:47.290 --> 20:47.800 Right. 20:47.830 --> 20:50.050 Let's say I'm giving print underscore detail. 20:50.050 --> 20:53.830 Let's say I give my positional arguments like 12345 okay. 20:53.830 --> 20:56.830 And here I will go ahead and write Krish okay. 20:56.830 --> 21:03.040 So this basically becomes my positional all the positional arguments uh, and between them I will just 21:03.040 --> 21:09.430 go ahead and give this keyword argument, let's say go ahead and give it anywhere, anywhere that you 21:09.430 --> 21:09.940 want to give. 21:09.970 --> 21:10.450 Okay. 21:10.480 --> 21:14.980 Now out of all these parameters it will be able to identify okay. 21:14.980 --> 21:18.040 Let's see what is the error that is probably coming over here. 21:18.130 --> 21:21.700 Positional argument cannot appear after keyword argument. 21:21.730 --> 21:23.020 See this is the error. 21:23.590 --> 21:26.750 Now the main problem over here when we write like this, right? 21:26.780 --> 21:31.040 First of all, always remember we need to specify all my positional key arguments. 21:31.070 --> 21:32.930 Now I will go ahead and write my keyword argument. 21:32.960 --> 21:38.510 Now if I go ahead and execute the details see initially first argument is positional argument. 21:38.540 --> 21:40.070 Second third fourth. 21:40.160 --> 21:44.600 Till here and this is all that you will be able to see is my keyword argument. 21:44.600 --> 21:50.420 So this is very much important to understand the differences between positional and keyword argument. 21:50.840 --> 21:55.550 In keyword argument you have all the parameters in key value pairs, like how we have specified over 21:55.550 --> 21:57.050 here in positional. 21:57.050 --> 22:00.680 You just have uh, something like one, two, three, four, five. 22:00.710 --> 22:05.000 With respect to only the names that will be there will not be assigning any key names. 22:05.000 --> 22:05.510 Right. 22:05.510 --> 22:10.370 So this is the most important thing with respect to keyword and positional arguments. 22:10.370 --> 22:12.200 I hope you were able to understand. 22:12.230 --> 22:17.150 I hope you are able to understand the difference between them, and it is very much important if you 22:17.180 --> 22:21.230 know this, because next, uh, in the upcoming session you'll be seeing, I'll be defining functions 22:21.230 --> 22:25.540 where I'll be having multiple parameters over there, and then we will also be seeing that. 22:25.570 --> 22:26.110 Okay. 22:26.170 --> 22:32.860 Now, uh, let's talk about the last topic for this video that is called as return statement, and I 22:32.860 --> 22:34.870 hope I've already spoken about it. 22:34.870 --> 22:43.030 In return statement, our function returns something right after the entire statement is executed. 22:43.060 --> 22:43.360 Right. 22:43.360 --> 22:44.890 So let me just go ahead and do it. 22:44.890 --> 22:48.040 So here I am going to create my multiply function. 22:48.160 --> 22:49.390 This will be a comma b. 22:49.720 --> 22:53.500 And here I'll just go ahead and return a multiplied by b. 22:53.530 --> 22:54.040 Right. 22:54.040 --> 22:59.560 So here we are returning some value after the function is getting executed now in order to execute it. 22:59.560 --> 23:02.650 So I will go go ahead and define my multiply function. 23:02.650 --> 23:04.450 Let's go ahead and write two comma three. 23:04.540 --> 23:06.520 And finally I get my output. 23:06.520 --> 23:09.910 So functions can return multiple values. 23:09.910 --> 23:13.570 Also let's see whether this function will be able to return multiple value or not. 23:13.630 --> 23:13.900 Right. 23:13.930 --> 23:16.900 So let's say I will write c is equal to uh. 23:16.930 --> 23:20.140 Or let me just define this function once again okay. 23:20.170 --> 23:22.060 And let me execute it over here. 23:22.060 --> 23:28.430 So here I will say, hey, return a comma B comma a. 23:28.490 --> 23:28.970 Okay. 23:29.000 --> 23:31.340 Let's see whether we'll be able to return this. 23:31.340 --> 23:35.090 So in Python a function can also return multiple values. 23:35.090 --> 23:38.720 So here we are returning a comma b comma a a comma b is nothing. 23:38.720 --> 23:40.940 But let's say we two comma three have given. 23:40.940 --> 23:42.290 So two comma three is six. 23:42.320 --> 23:43.040 Multiply. 23:43.040 --> 23:45.380 When we are doing it is six and a value is two. 23:45.410 --> 23:48.380 So we can also return multiple statements. 23:48.380 --> 23:50.810 Uh sorry multiple parameters. 23:51.050 --> 23:58.160 Uh multiple multiple parameters uh from a function. 23:58.190 --> 23:58.430 Okay. 23:58.460 --> 24:00.170 And that is what we basically use. 24:00.170 --> 24:02.840 We need to use this return variable. 24:03.020 --> 24:05.330 So I hope you are able to understand this. 24:05.330 --> 24:06.620 This was it from my side. 24:06.620 --> 24:08.120 This was all about functions. 24:08.120 --> 24:12.050 In the upcoming session we are going to learn more many amazing things about function. 24:12.260 --> 24:15.860 Uh, there are many things like lambda function, nested function, high order function. 24:15.860 --> 24:17.450 We will be discussing about them. 24:17.450 --> 24:18.890 So yes, this was it. 24:18.890 --> 24:21.200 I will see you all in the next video. 24:21.200 --> 24:21.710 Thank you.