WEBVTT 00:00.320 --> 00:01.040 Hello guys. 00:01.040 --> 00:03.500 So we are going to continue the discussion with respect to Python. 00:03.500 --> 00:08.120 And now we are going to discuss about our new data structure which is called as dictionaries. 00:08.120 --> 00:13.010 So in this video this is the entire video outline where we will be discussing about the introduction 00:13.010 --> 00:13.880 to dictionaries. 00:13.880 --> 00:16.670 We will be creating dictionaries with the help of Python. 00:16.700 --> 00:20.750 How to access the dictionary elements, modifying dictionary elements. 00:20.930 --> 00:26.360 Then we'll be seeing some of the amazing dictionary methods that we usually use while we are developing 00:26.360 --> 00:27.200 projects. 00:27.320 --> 00:30.620 Along with that, we'll also be iterating over dictionaries. 00:31.160 --> 00:35.600 Then we will be discussing about nested dictionaries, then dictionary comprehension. 00:35.600 --> 00:40.220 And finally we will be seeing some of the common errors that we usually face. 00:40.430 --> 00:46.340 Now in this it is very much important that we probably do a lot of practicals. 00:46.340 --> 00:50.480 So that is the reason I will be showing you each and everything with the help of coding. 00:50.510 --> 00:51.860 Now let me go ahead. 00:51.860 --> 00:55.220 And first of all, uh, let's see the definition of dictionaries. 00:55.220 --> 00:59.210 So dictionaries are nothing, but it is an unordered collection of items. 00:59.210 --> 01:02.490 The store data in key value pairs. 01:02.520 --> 01:02.790 Okay. 01:02.820 --> 01:08.040 So they're all the data is basically stored in key value pairs. 01:08.070 --> 01:10.890 Key must be unique and immutable. 01:10.920 --> 01:14.280 So once you specifically define a key it cannot be changed. 01:14.280 --> 01:15.750 Values can be changed. 01:15.750 --> 01:19.290 And a key must always be unique. 01:19.320 --> 01:19.740 Okay. 01:19.770 --> 01:25.860 And it can include strings numbers or tuples uh which while values can be of any type. 01:25.890 --> 01:26.370 Okay. 01:26.370 --> 01:30.000 So let me just go ahead and I hope you have just understood the definition. 01:30.000 --> 01:32.790 But again to make you understand much more in a better way. 01:32.820 --> 01:38.190 First of all, we will go ahead, uh, in discussing about creating dictionaries. 01:38.220 --> 01:38.760 Okay. 01:38.790 --> 01:43.530 Now with respect to creating dictionaries, first of all, what we are really going to do over here 01:43.530 --> 01:46.170 is that create an empty dictionary. 01:46.200 --> 01:49.590 Now, already, you know, if I use square braces okay. 01:49.620 --> 01:51.990 And before that make sure you select the kernel. 01:52.470 --> 01:58.440 Uh, so if you are basically using this square brackets then you basically create an empty list. 01:58.440 --> 02:01.450 If you are using tuples, you create an empty tuple. 02:01.480 --> 02:04.660 Now in case of dictionary we use flower braces. 02:04.690 --> 02:09.790 Okay, now let's go ahead and define and create our empty dictionary. 02:09.820 --> 02:18.730 So here you can see if I go ahead and print type of empty dictionary, you will be able to see that 02:18.730 --> 02:21.340 I will be getting a class which is called as dictionary. 02:21.370 --> 02:26.980 So in order to create an empty dictionary, all we have to do is that we have to specifically use this 02:26.980 --> 02:27.970 flower braces. 02:28.000 --> 02:28.510 Okay. 02:28.540 --> 02:35.680 Another way how we can actually create our empty dictionary is that by using this dict class. 02:35.710 --> 02:36.250 Okay. 02:36.280 --> 02:39.100 And here we will initialize it as a method. 02:39.100 --> 02:41.950 So once we initialize it here you will be able to see. 02:41.980 --> 02:46.060 Now again I will be getting an complete empty dictionary. 02:46.090 --> 02:46.450 Okay. 02:46.480 --> 02:48.490 So right now it is a complete empty dictionary. 02:48.490 --> 02:53.710 So these are the two ways of specifically creating an empty dictionary. 02:53.740 --> 02:58.340 Now, as I have already said, that dictionary is all about key value pairs. 02:58.370 --> 03:02.240 Right now, whenever we talk about key value pairs, let me just give you an example. 03:02.240 --> 03:03.230 So key. 03:03.560 --> 03:07.850 So initially we will start writing in this flower brackets. 03:07.850 --> 03:12.350 So first of all what we are going to do is that we are going to give my key name, let's say one of 03:12.350 --> 03:15.440 the key name with respect to student information is name. 03:15.440 --> 03:18.290 And let me just go ahead and write the name called as Krish. 03:18.320 --> 03:18.800 Okay. 03:18.800 --> 03:20.060 So Krish is the name. 03:20.060 --> 03:21.650 So this basically becomes the key. 03:21.680 --> 03:24.020 This basically becomes the value okay. 03:24.050 --> 03:28.970 Now the next thing is that I will go ahead and use my another key which is called as age. 03:29.540 --> 03:29.960 Okay. 03:29.990 --> 03:34.730 And here we are specifically going to use a value let's say 32 okay. 03:34.760 --> 03:39.320 Third I'm just going to use another key which is called as grade. 03:39.950 --> 03:45.320 Now if I go ahead and write this, you will be able to see if I go ahead and print this student. 03:45.350 --> 03:51.920 This is a complete dictionary where I have three keys, that is name, age and grade. 03:51.920 --> 03:55.490 And the values are Krish 32 and 24. 03:55.940 --> 03:57.810 Now if I go ahead and print the student. 03:57.810 --> 04:01.170 So this basically becomes my entire dictionary, right? 04:01.170 --> 04:02.820 Which has this key value pairs. 04:02.820 --> 04:10.110 If you want to also check out the print of type of student, you will also be able to see that I'm able 04:10.110 --> 04:11.760 to get a dictionary over here. 04:11.790 --> 04:12.240 Okay. 04:12.270 --> 04:17.580 So this is how you specifically create a dictionary with the help of key value pairs. 04:17.610 --> 04:18.090 Okay. 04:18.120 --> 04:21.210 Now let me just show you one more thing here. 04:21.210 --> 04:22.590 When do you get an error. 04:22.590 --> 04:26.070 Because as I said to you, that key should be unique okay. 04:26.070 --> 04:31.890 So let's say if I go ahead and copy this and paste it over here and again I use the same name. 04:31.890 --> 04:33.420 Now what is going to happen. 04:33.450 --> 04:34.050 Okay. 04:34.050 --> 04:36.780 And I'll just go ahead and print student. 04:36.810 --> 04:40.170 Let's see what is going to happen. 04:40.170 --> 04:45.060 Because you really need to understand whether we will get an error or whether it will just print out. 04:45.060 --> 04:49.980 So here you can see only two keys are basically getting their name and age right. 04:50.010 --> 04:51.840 Name is having the value of 24. 04:51.870 --> 04:52.560 Age is 32. 04:52.590 --> 04:54.750 Now what has exactly happened over here? 04:54.750 --> 04:57.160 Now when I'm writing name is equal to Krish. 04:57.160 --> 04:59.800 This was one of the key that I have already defined. 04:59.830 --> 05:05.890 Now, if I'm again defining this particular key, you know, in the upcoming, like in the key value 05:05.890 --> 05:07.750 pairs, then what it is going to do. 05:07.780 --> 05:09.940 The value is getting going to get replaced. 05:09.970 --> 05:10.480 Okay. 05:10.480 --> 05:13.330 But it is going to consider as one key itself. 05:13.330 --> 05:18.340 So which is the recent value that you have replaced over here the value that is what is getting displayed. 05:18.340 --> 05:24.370 So always please make sure that here you don't have to always create the key with the same name. 05:24.400 --> 05:29.500 I'll not say this as an error, but here you can see that, uh, I can just write. 05:29.500 --> 05:31.750 Single key is always used okay. 05:32.440 --> 05:33.700 Instead of multiple keys. 05:33.700 --> 05:35.710 So this is one super example. 05:35.710 --> 05:41.440 And this will be very much important because, see, um, if you know about databases now NoSQL databases 05:41.440 --> 05:47.710 like MongoDB, like Cassandra over there, now all key value pairs will be specifically used, right. 05:47.710 --> 05:49.660 All your data will be stored in key value pairs. 05:49.660 --> 05:56.450 So it is important that we always need to have this key unique right now, let me just go ahead and 05:56.450 --> 06:01.760 let me talk about accessing dictionary elements. 06:01.790 --> 06:02.330 Okay. 06:02.360 --> 06:05.240 Now with respect to accessing dictionary elements. 06:05.270 --> 06:12.770 Now what I'm actually going to do, let me just go ahead and make this as uh, or I'll just copy this. 06:13.160 --> 06:13.760 Okay. 06:13.760 --> 06:16.310 And let me copy this over here. 06:17.030 --> 06:17.480 Oops. 06:17.510 --> 06:18.080 Not here. 06:18.080 --> 06:18.440 Sorry. 06:18.470 --> 06:19.100 Here. 06:19.220 --> 06:22.100 And let me just make this grade as a. 06:22.190 --> 06:22.940 Okay. 06:23.450 --> 06:27.080 Now, this is my entire dictionary, right? 06:27.110 --> 06:32.060 Now, if I want to access any value, let's say I want to access the value of grade. 06:32.090 --> 06:32.780 Okay. 06:32.900 --> 06:34.460 Now, how do I do it? 06:34.490 --> 06:36.530 We definitely have to use this key. 06:36.560 --> 06:44.570 So what I will be doing is that I will just say student of I want the grade of this particular student. 06:44.570 --> 06:49.040 So I will just give the key name over here and let me just go ahead and print it. 06:49.070 --> 06:49.640 Okay. 06:49.640 --> 06:52.940 So here once I do the print over here right? 06:52.940 --> 06:55.020 I should be able to get see the grid. 06:55.050 --> 06:58.680 Similarly, let's say I want to go ahead and get the age. 06:59.760 --> 07:01.050 So I will go ahead and write. 07:01.050 --> 07:06.360 Student of student of age. 07:07.500 --> 07:07.830 Right. 07:07.830 --> 07:10.320 And if I go ahead and print it it is 32. 07:10.350 --> 07:10.800 Right. 07:10.800 --> 07:16.410 So this is one of the method of accessing I'll write it down over here. 07:16.410 --> 07:20.640 Accessing dictionary elements okay. 07:20.670 --> 07:24.540 This is one of the easiest way to probably do it. 07:24.540 --> 07:33.330 There is also one way where we will be able to access the values using the default get method that is 07:33.330 --> 07:35.700 provided by the dictionary. 07:35.850 --> 07:38.430 Okay, get method that is provided by dictionary. 07:38.460 --> 07:40.770 Now how to do this, I will just show you. 07:40.860 --> 07:44.130 Okay, so first of all I will just go ahead and write print. 07:44.280 --> 07:47.040 Let's say I want to get the grade right. 07:47.070 --> 07:49.080 What is the grade of this particular student. 07:49.080 --> 07:55.240 So I will just go ahead and use dot get and here I'm just going to give my key name that is Dot grid. 07:55.270 --> 07:55.690 Okay. 07:55.720 --> 08:00.160 Similarly, let's say if I want to go ahead and print student dot. 08:00.520 --> 08:10.690 And uh, let's say I want to probably, um, you know, let's say that there is no like over here. 08:10.690 --> 08:13.090 The key that are available are name, age, grade. 08:13.120 --> 08:13.630 Right. 08:13.660 --> 08:17.020 Let's say I will go ahead and search for last name. 08:17.530 --> 08:17.890 Okay. 08:17.920 --> 08:19.870 I know the key is not present over there. 08:19.870 --> 08:23.170 So let's see what is the value that I will be getting. 08:23.200 --> 08:23.740 Okay. 08:23.740 --> 08:26.980 And by using get we will be able to get the value anyhow. 08:26.980 --> 08:29.200 But if I execute it here you'll be able to see. 08:29.230 --> 08:30.910 First student grade. 08:30.910 --> 08:32.470 I got a student age. 08:32.470 --> 08:33.910 I got 32 again. 08:33.910 --> 08:37.270 When I'm writing student dot get of grade I can get a. 08:37.300 --> 08:42.070 But when I'm searching for last name, I'm not getting anything right. 08:42.070 --> 08:43.540 I'm getting it as none. 08:43.630 --> 08:49.300 Now let's say that, uh, if I find out if I don't find any key, I want to probably give a default 08:49.300 --> 08:49.840 value. 08:49.840 --> 08:51.920 So for that, I will go ahead and write. 08:52.250 --> 08:53.030 Print. 08:53.060 --> 08:54.260 Student. 08:54.650 --> 08:55.730 Student. 08:55.760 --> 08:56.450 Dot. 08:56.450 --> 08:57.260 Get. 08:57.290 --> 08:57.920 Okay. 08:58.130 --> 09:04.250 And here I'm going to specifically write last underscore name I know last number underscore name key 09:04.250 --> 09:05.270 is not available. 09:05.270 --> 09:08.930 But I will give a default value if it is not available. 09:08.960 --> 09:10.460 So I'll write not available. 09:10.490 --> 09:13.130 Now let's see the value that we are going to get. 09:13.160 --> 09:14.150 So see over here. 09:14.150 --> 09:16.460 Last name was not present in this particular key. 09:16.460 --> 09:20.720 So I am getting the default value which I have provided it over here as not available. 09:20.720 --> 09:22.340 So before it was giving us none. 09:22.340 --> 09:25.490 Now it is probably giving us not available right. 09:25.520 --> 09:30.800 So this is how with the help of key, you will be able to access it. 09:30.800 --> 09:34.220 And two ways I've actually shown you how to access dictionary elements. 09:34.310 --> 09:39.470 Either you are directly calling the key or you are using the Get method right. 09:39.500 --> 09:48.290 Now let me just go ahead and let me talk about the next method that is called as modifying dictionary 09:49.430 --> 09:50.030 Elements. 09:50.060 --> 09:50.660 Okay. 09:50.900 --> 09:57.410 Now with respect to modifying dictionary elements, one very important key that I really want to write 09:57.440 --> 09:57.830 right? 09:57.860 --> 10:00.260 Dictionary are mutable. 10:00.590 --> 10:00.980 Right. 10:00.980 --> 10:09.020 So you can add, update, update or delete elements okay. 10:09.050 --> 10:12.080 So this is the most important thing about dictionary. 10:12.080 --> 10:14.000 But you cannot see. 10:14.000 --> 10:17.870 You cannot like always all the time your key needs to be unique right. 10:17.900 --> 10:19.070 At any point of time. 10:19.070 --> 10:23.150 So let me just go ahead and show you some of the examples over here. 10:23.180 --> 10:27.020 So let us go ahead and discuss about modifying dictionary elements. 10:27.530 --> 10:33.620 So here already let us go ahead and print this students. 10:33.620 --> 10:34.310 Right. 10:35.090 --> 10:38.840 And here you can see the name is the key. 10:38.870 --> 10:42.020 The key name is basically having the value. 10:42.050 --> 10:43.700 Krish age is 32. 10:43.700 --> 10:44.690 Grade is eight. 10:44.840 --> 10:46.850 Now let me do one thing. 10:46.850 --> 10:49.680 Let me just go ahead and add a new key. 10:49.710 --> 10:53.430 I'll also be showing how to add a new key and also updating let's say age. 10:53.460 --> 11:01.800 So here now if I go ahead and write student of age and let's say the age is now 33 okay. 11:01.830 --> 11:06.390 And I'm just going to print the student. 11:06.840 --> 11:11.520 Now along with that, what I'm actually going to do is that I'm going to add a new key. 11:11.550 --> 11:14.880 And the new key will be something like address. 11:15.480 --> 11:16.050 Okay. 11:16.410 --> 11:21.000 And let me just go ahead and write the address as India okay. 11:21.060 --> 11:23.910 So this is the new key that I'm specifically adding. 11:23.940 --> 11:27.750 Now I will go ahead and print the student. 11:29.760 --> 11:35.880 Now here you can actually see that the first key age has got updated to 33. 11:35.910 --> 11:41.400 Now once it got updated I again added a new key over here which is called as address. 11:41.400 --> 11:48.190 So now I will be able to see the address India that has been added to the same student dictionary Okay. 11:48.460 --> 11:51.910 Along with this, we can also go ahead and delete any key. 11:51.940 --> 11:52.510 Right. 11:52.510 --> 11:56.860 So what I'm actually going to do is that I'm going to delete the key over here. 11:56.890 --> 11:57.310 Okay. 11:57.310 --> 11:59.860 Let's consider that I'm going to delete the grid key. 11:59.860 --> 12:01.600 So let's go ahead and see that. 12:02.470 --> 12:12.250 So here what we have actually done we have updated the value for the key right here we have added a 12:12.250 --> 12:19.930 new key and value added a new key and value. 12:21.640 --> 12:27.370 And in the next statement what I'm actually going to do is that I'm going to delete the key. 12:27.370 --> 12:32.530 So in order to delete the key I just need to use this del keyword okay. 12:32.560 --> 12:34.330 That is available in Python. 12:34.330 --> 12:36.610 And I will be using the student. 12:36.610 --> 12:38.440 And let me just give the key name. 12:38.440 --> 12:45.190 So if I go ahead and write like this, this will basically delete the key and value pair. 12:45.760 --> 12:46.450 Okay. 12:46.460 --> 12:56.270 Now, if I go ahead and print the student, you will be able to see that I will now have that entire 12:56.270 --> 12:57.410 key, right? 12:57.440 --> 13:00.200 Grade has got deleted along with the value. 13:00.200 --> 13:06.620 And I just have the remaining key that is key value pairs like name crush, age 33 address India okay, 13:06.650 --> 13:09.230 so this is how you delete the key value pair. 13:09.230 --> 13:13.280 So these are some of the operations and how we can modify dictionary elements. 13:13.310 --> 13:13.820 Okay. 13:14.420 --> 13:21.620 Um now let me just go ahead and show you some of the dictionary common dictionary methods that we use. 13:21.800 --> 13:22.370 Okay. 13:23.090 --> 13:29.030 Now you will be also seeing more examples because after this I will be also showing showing some use 13:29.030 --> 13:30.080 cases examples okay. 13:30.110 --> 13:33.320 So there again we will be discussing more about dictionaries okay. 13:33.380 --> 13:38.210 Now some of the important dictionary methods okay. 13:38.240 --> 13:39.920 So first of all let me just go ahead. 13:39.920 --> 13:44.780 Let's say you just want to get the all the keys of that particular dictionary okay. 13:44.780 --> 13:46.740 So I will go ahead and write. 13:46.770 --> 13:54.510 Keys is equal to student, which is my dictionary student dot keys. 13:54.540 --> 13:55.320 Okay. 13:56.010 --> 13:59.370 And let me just go ahead and print all the keys over here. 13:59.640 --> 14:02.580 Okay then let me just go ahead and write. 14:02.580 --> 14:06.810 Values is equal to student dot values. 14:07.050 --> 14:07.710 Okay. 14:07.890 --> 14:14.970 If I want to get the values right off all the dictionary that I have basically in the dictionary, all 14:14.970 --> 14:17.820 the values that I if I want all the values, how can I get it. 14:17.820 --> 14:22.890 So this first code that I've actually written, this will actually help you to get all the keys. 14:23.070 --> 14:23.610 Okay. 14:23.640 --> 14:28.290 And this will actually help you to get all the values. 14:28.320 --> 14:28.830 Okay. 14:28.980 --> 14:33.780 And if I go ahead and print the values I will be able to see the values over here. 14:34.350 --> 14:35.190 Uh, one more. 14:35.220 --> 14:42.240 Uh, let's say I want to get all the key value pairs, let's say in the form of items. 14:42.270 --> 14:42.690 Okay. 14:42.900 --> 14:46.810 How do I get the key value pairs right in that case. 14:46.810 --> 14:48.220 So let me just go ahead and write. 14:48.220 --> 14:50.530 And I'll define a variable called as items. 14:50.530 --> 14:55.900 And if I go ahead and write student dot items right. 14:55.900 --> 15:02.440 And this will actually help me to get all key value pairs okay. 15:02.560 --> 15:08.080 Now let me just go ahead and print this specific items okay. 15:08.350 --> 15:12.310 So here you can see that uh let's see the first one okay. 15:12.340 --> 15:14.290 Student Dot keys I'm getting all the key. 15:14.320 --> 15:16.120 So name age and address are the key. 15:16.150 --> 15:18.820 When I wrote student dot values I got all the values. 15:18.820 --> 15:19.630 So I'm printing it. 15:19.630 --> 15:21.490 So 33 and India. 15:21.520 --> 15:24.160 And when I want all the key value pairs. 15:24.160 --> 15:26.080 So like this I'm able to get it right. 15:26.080 --> 15:31.270 So this will be a new type which is called as dictionary items which will be in the form of list of 15:31.270 --> 15:31.750 tuples. 15:31.750 --> 15:33.700 So these are nothing but tuples right. 15:33.730 --> 15:35.200 Tuples tuples tuples. 15:35.230 --> 15:37.720 Right I will be able to access this particular tuples also. 15:37.720 --> 15:39.610 And it is a list of tuples okay. 15:39.640 --> 15:44.000 So here you can see name Krish age 33 A Address? 15:44.000 --> 15:45.740 India right now. 15:45.740 --> 15:46.460 One more thing. 15:46.490 --> 15:50.030 Uh, I really want to do is do a shallow copy. 15:50.060 --> 15:53.480 Okay, now let us discuss about shallow copy over here. 15:53.480 --> 15:57.290 So, guys, now let me just go ahead and show you the working of shallow copy. 15:57.290 --> 15:59.390 And this is something really, really important. 15:59.390 --> 16:01.910 And trust me, you should never do this mistake. 16:01.910 --> 16:07.460 Whenever you are implementing in any kind of project, you have to make sure that whenever, uh. 16:07.460 --> 16:12.710 And you need to remember this concept because this can be a very small mistake whenever you are developing 16:12.710 --> 16:13.280 projects. 16:13.310 --> 16:13.880 Okay. 16:13.940 --> 16:19.130 Now I have student dictionary over here right now. 16:19.130 --> 16:20.000 Let me do one thing. 16:20.000 --> 16:22.250 Let me create another variable. 16:22.250 --> 16:25.010 Let's say I will go ahead and write student underscore copy. 16:25.010 --> 16:27.530 And I will assign the student value over here. 16:27.530 --> 16:32.060 And as you all know what is present in the student, the key value pairs. 16:32.060 --> 16:41.900 Right now if I go ahead and print student and if I go ahead and print student underscore copy, okay. 16:43.410 --> 16:45.690 Student underscore copy. 16:45.810 --> 16:47.130 What am I getting? 16:47.160 --> 16:48.600 I'm getting the same value. 16:48.630 --> 16:49.680 This is perfectly fine. 16:49.680 --> 16:54.030 And obviously since I'm copying this particular value to another variable. 16:54.030 --> 16:57.150 So this will also be a dictionary that will be having the same value over here. 16:57.180 --> 16:57.810 Okay. 16:58.290 --> 17:05.010 But now what I will do I will just go ahead and take student name value. 17:05.340 --> 17:05.820 Right. 17:05.850 --> 17:08.370 Student name value. 17:08.490 --> 17:11.100 And I will assign some other value itself. 17:11.130 --> 17:11.310 Right. 17:11.340 --> 17:12.450 Let's say Chris one. 17:12.480 --> 17:13.140 Okay. 17:13.200 --> 17:19.560 Now let me just go ahead and print student and let me print the same student underscore copy. 17:20.730 --> 17:25.530 What do you think should be the name in student underscore copy. 17:26.250 --> 17:27.240 Should it be Chris. 17:27.270 --> 17:28.170 1 or 2. 17:28.200 --> 17:29.700 Okay I'll make it to Chris two. 17:29.730 --> 17:30.240 Okay. 17:30.360 --> 17:35.820 Let's say I'm changing the name of this particular student right over here to Chris two. 17:36.000 --> 17:41.040 Now, since I'm making the change to this student dictionary, since I have made a copy of this in student 17:41.050 --> 17:42.070 underscore copy. 17:42.100 --> 17:43.870 Then you may be thinking okay. 17:43.900 --> 17:47.740 Student underscore copy should still have one, but it does not happen in that way. 17:47.740 --> 17:52.450 If I go ahead and see the output, you'll be seeing that since student also got the name as Chris two 17:52.480 --> 17:55.210 since we had assigned the value to student underscore copy. 17:55.240 --> 17:57.460 So here also we are getting Chris two. 17:57.550 --> 17:59.740 And this is a big problem right. 17:59.740 --> 18:02.500 So how do I make a separate copy. 18:02.530 --> 18:07.840 You know whenever I probably want to make a copy for this particular dictionary to another variable 18:07.870 --> 18:13.570 in such a way that after that if I update this, the same update should not happen in your copy variable. 18:13.570 --> 18:17.350 So for that I will be showing you about shallow copy. 18:17.380 --> 18:23.020 Now in shallow copy, what we do is that let's say I go ahead and create my student copy one variable. 18:23.050 --> 18:26.230 I will go ahead and write student dot copy function. 18:26.260 --> 18:26.800 Okay. 18:26.830 --> 18:31.000 Now this copy function is responsible for doing the shallow copy over here. 18:31.000 --> 18:35.530 In short if you really want to understand this will basically allocate a different memory. 18:35.680 --> 18:40.880 It will take this variable and it will give the reference of this variable to another memory which will 18:40.880 --> 18:43.970 have that entire value that we really want to store. 18:44.030 --> 18:52.550 Okay, now if I go ahead and print student underscore copy student underscore copy one. 18:52.580 --> 18:53.180 Okay. 18:53.210 --> 18:57.530 And if I go want to go ahead and print student. 18:57.560 --> 18:58.310 Right. 18:58.310 --> 19:01.880 And if I execute it now here you can see okay I'm having the same value. 19:01.910 --> 19:06.980 But now let me just update the student name. 19:07.910 --> 19:08.540 Okay. 19:08.840 --> 19:12.920 If I go ahead and update the student name let's say if I go ahead and write Krish three. 19:13.100 --> 19:13.910 Okay. 19:14.120 --> 19:19.220 Now if I go ahead and print both of them, will I get the same value of the name? 19:19.250 --> 19:20.900 The answer is no. 19:20.930 --> 19:25.160 See, I will execute this now in my student underscore copy one. 19:25.160 --> 19:26.630 I still have Krish two. 19:27.020 --> 19:29.120 In student I have Krish three. 19:29.150 --> 19:29.750 Right. 19:29.750 --> 19:31.220 And why this was possible? 19:31.250 --> 19:33.380 Because of the shallow copy itself, right. 19:33.410 --> 19:37.970 So just get an idea about shallow copy or shallow copy in turns. 19:37.970 --> 19:43.980 You know, Provides a different memory location so that whenever we change one of the variable, it 19:43.980 --> 19:45.180 should not impact the other one. 19:45.210 --> 19:50.490 Okay, so just a smaller thing to understand over here because this will be important when you are doing 19:50.490 --> 19:51.180 the coding. 19:51.300 --> 19:58.110 Now let's go ahead and discuss about iterating over dictionaries. 19:58.230 --> 19:59.070 Okay. 19:59.820 --> 20:04.560 First thing you can use loops to iterate. 20:04.560 --> 20:11.400 Like how did we do in the in the in the case of list or in the case of tuples. 20:11.730 --> 20:14.970 So here also we are specifically. 20:15.510 --> 20:16.680 Okay I'll write. 20:16.710 --> 20:18.720 You can use. 20:18.750 --> 20:19.200 Okay. 20:19.230 --> 20:22.920 Loops to iterate. 20:23.850 --> 20:26.580 And we can iterate over dictionaries. 20:26.580 --> 20:28.440 And you know in dictionaries. 20:28.440 --> 20:35.010 Uh, if I probably talk about we have keys, we have values or we have items. 20:35.010 --> 20:37.560 Items basically means the combination of key and value pair. 20:37.570 --> 20:38.170 right? 20:38.200 --> 20:40.630 So let me just go ahead and show you the same example. 20:40.630 --> 20:43.660 Let's say that this is my student variable okay. 20:43.720 --> 20:47.470 And for this particular student I will go ahead and iterate through each and everything. 20:47.470 --> 20:53.080 So first of all I will try to show you iterating over keys okay. 20:53.110 --> 20:59.710 Now iterating over keys for keys in again we'll use a for loop and I will just go ahead and write student 20:59.710 --> 21:00.400 dot keys. 21:00.400 --> 21:04.630 When I write student dot keys, obviously you'll be able to see that I'll be getting the keys itself. 21:04.630 --> 21:08.590 If I go ahead and print the key, you'll be able to see. 21:09.040 --> 21:09.670 Oops. 21:10.150 --> 21:10.750 Uh, keys. 21:10.750 --> 21:11.320 Sorry. 21:11.650 --> 21:14.560 You'll be able to see name, age, and address. 21:14.560 --> 21:16.780 These are the keys that I have actually defined. 21:16.810 --> 21:25.660 Similarly, you can iterate iterate over values. 21:25.960 --> 21:29.050 And for that what you need to do again copy the same thing. 21:29.320 --> 21:29.860 Right. 21:29.890 --> 21:32.320 Paste it over here instead of student dot keys. 21:32.320 --> 21:37.280 Now you go ahead and write student dot values Okay. 21:37.310 --> 21:43.670 And once I go ahead and write it over here, I can print it over here itself. 21:43.670 --> 21:46.970 And this is what you will be able to get a value three. 21:47.000 --> 21:49.280 You will be able to get 33 India. 21:49.310 --> 21:49.910 Okay. 21:49.970 --> 22:06.260 Now if I want to iterate iterate over key value pairs then what we really need to do I will be using 22:06.290 --> 22:08.540 two variable in my for loop. 22:08.570 --> 22:15.500 One is key comma value and student dot items. 22:16.850 --> 22:21.590 And now I will just go ahead and print by using an f string. 22:21.860 --> 22:22.340 Okay. 22:22.340 --> 22:24.980 So this is one way of formatting. 22:25.220 --> 22:28.970 In print formatting I can go ahead and write my key. 22:29.660 --> 22:32.570 Along with this I can go ahead and write my value. 22:33.410 --> 22:34.550 If I go ahead and see this. 22:34.550 --> 22:37.210 This is my age Three age. 22:37.330 --> 22:37.630 Sorry. 22:37.660 --> 22:38.500 Name three. 22:38.530 --> 22:39.370 Age 33. 22:39.400 --> 22:40.360 Address India. 22:41.440 --> 22:44.290 So you can also iterate over the key value pairs. 22:44.290 --> 22:49.630 And just by writing student dot items, you get that value in tuples right in list of tuples. 22:49.630 --> 22:54.490 So all these things you can basically work and you can basically iterate over the dictionaries. 22:54.520 --> 23:01.960 Now talking about the next one, uh, here we are going to go ahead with let me make some cells okay. 23:02.020 --> 23:07.780 So we are going to talk about nested dictionaries okay. 23:08.080 --> 23:12.640 Now nested dictionaries a dictionary inside another dictionary okay. 23:12.820 --> 23:15.700 And usually if I talk about databases MongoDB. 23:15.730 --> 23:16.180 Right. 23:16.210 --> 23:17.740 NoSQL database over there. 23:17.740 --> 23:19.510 Everything is stored in key value pair. 23:19.510 --> 23:23.620 Whenever we say key value pair later on we can read that, convert that into a dictionary. 23:23.620 --> 23:27.010 And I may have any number of records in the MongoDB database. 23:27.010 --> 23:27.460 Right. 23:27.460 --> 23:29.350 So let me just go ahead and do one thing. 23:29.380 --> 23:34.600 Let me go ahead and write students, and let me just show you how you can create key value pairs Okay, 23:35.080 --> 23:37.180 so let's say this is my first key. 23:37.180 --> 23:42.820 That is nothing but student one and I will just go ahead and write my key value pair here. 23:42.820 --> 23:54.340 The first thing I will go and see name name is let's say Krish uh, age is let's say colon 32. 23:54.370 --> 23:55.000 Okay. 23:55.090 --> 23:57.790 And uh, age 32. 23:57.790 --> 24:00.340 And here I am specifically creating this. 24:00.370 --> 24:01.000 Right. 24:01.030 --> 24:01.330 Sorry. 24:01.360 --> 24:05.260 It should be colon not equal to colon 32. 24:05.290 --> 24:05.860 Okay. 24:06.070 --> 24:07.720 This is my first record. 24:07.840 --> 24:08.200 Yeah. 24:08.650 --> 24:11.050 Now let me go ahead and create my second record. 24:11.050 --> 24:13.180 Let's say I may have student two data. 24:13.930 --> 24:18.730 And now with respect to this particular student two data I may have name. 24:19.300 --> 24:20.770 Name is nothing. 24:20.770 --> 24:32.080 But let's say Krish or I'll just say, um, Spider-Man or Peter Parker or anyone. 24:32.110 --> 24:32.350 Right? 24:32.380 --> 24:34.160 So Peter right? 24:34.970 --> 24:39.230 Age is nothing but let's say 35, right? 24:39.260 --> 24:41.480 So here you can see key value pairs. 24:41.780 --> 24:42.410 Right. 24:42.410 --> 24:45.860 And this is nothing but this is basically a nested dictionary right. 24:45.890 --> 24:51.620 Now if I go ahead and print students you will be able to see that. 24:51.650 --> 24:53.510 Hey it looks like a dictionary. 24:53.540 --> 24:54.530 Key value pairs. 24:54.560 --> 24:56.840 Again it can have nested key value pairs. 24:56.870 --> 24:57.500 Right. 24:57.500 --> 25:04.190 But these are just like a kind of records like how we upload it in MongoDB or in any other non SQL databases 25:04.220 --> 25:05.270 NoSQL databases. 25:05.300 --> 25:05.930 Right. 25:05.960 --> 25:08.090 Now how do we access this. 25:08.090 --> 25:17.480 Nested dictionaries access nested dictionaries dictionaries elements okay. 25:17.480 --> 25:22.070 So I will just go ahead and print right students. 25:24.290 --> 25:29.480 And here I'm going to use let's say I want to read the Age of Peter Parker. 25:29.510 --> 25:30.470 Then how do I right. 25:30.470 --> 25:31.610 So I will just go ahead and write. 25:31.610 --> 25:34.050 Student Student two okay. 25:34.080 --> 25:39.900 And the next bracket will be specifically name okay or name or age. 25:39.900 --> 25:43.260 I can also get name if I want to print, I can print name. 25:43.260 --> 25:48.480 Let's say if I go ahead and print this entire information along with age, here I will be getting age 25:48.480 --> 25:49.560 or name of Peter Parker. 25:49.560 --> 25:52.230 And here I will be getting the age right. 25:52.230 --> 25:55.620 So if I go and see Peter and 35 right. 25:55.620 --> 26:00.270 So here with respect to the nested dictionaries, also like how we read in in nested list. 26:00.300 --> 26:02.730 Similarly we can go ahead and do that here. 26:02.730 --> 26:05.340 The main thing is that we only have to call the key names. 26:05.340 --> 26:08.370 And automatically you will be able to get the value names right. 26:08.370 --> 26:11.700 So this is one amazing way of playing with nested dictionaries. 26:11.730 --> 26:12.270 Okay. 26:12.300 --> 26:15.690 Now uh, again you can try multiple example. 26:15.690 --> 26:17.910 You can create your own nested dictionaries. 26:17.910 --> 26:19.680 Any level of nested dictionaries. 26:19.920 --> 26:22.200 Uh, there is no limit as such inside name. 26:22.200 --> 26:25.590 Also, you can again go ahead and create another nested dictionary if you want. 26:25.620 --> 26:26.160 Okay. 26:26.370 --> 26:29.100 Now let me just go ahead and show you one more thing. 26:29.130 --> 26:34.300 Iterating Over nested dictionaries. 26:34.330 --> 26:37.570 Okay, now for let's say I will go ahead and write. 26:37.600 --> 26:38.860 For student underscore ID. 26:39.250 --> 26:39.940 Okay. 26:39.970 --> 26:42.430 Since I require ID and information. 26:42.430 --> 26:44.830 So let's say I will go ahead and write like this. 26:44.920 --> 26:45.700 Just see this. 26:45.730 --> 26:46.150 Okay. 26:46.180 --> 26:48.610 Student underscore info. 26:48.640 --> 26:53.170 Okay I will consider this as ID and this as entire info okay. 26:53.320 --> 26:54.670 And if I go ahead and write. 26:54.700 --> 27:01.900 Students students students okay. 27:01.990 --> 27:03.970 Dot items. 27:04.360 --> 27:09.820 So what will student dot item give me if I go ahead and execute a code over here. 27:09.880 --> 27:13.360 What will students dot items. 27:13.630 --> 27:14.710 Items give me. 27:14.740 --> 27:17.950 It will give me dictionary in the key value pairs. 27:17.950 --> 27:18.220 Right. 27:18.250 --> 27:22.210 Like student one will be one key and this will be a entire value, right? 27:22.240 --> 27:25.150 Inside this this can be a key and this can be a value. 27:25.150 --> 27:27.400 But it will be giving you in this particular format. 27:27.430 --> 27:32.840 Now if I iterate over this nested dictionary this I will consider as my ID, and this will I will consider 27:32.840 --> 27:33.800 as my real value. 27:33.830 --> 27:34.340 Right. 27:34.340 --> 27:38.330 So that is the reason I have written from student underscore ID and student underscore info. 27:38.360 --> 27:38.570 Right. 27:38.600 --> 27:41.120 So this can be a temporary variable right. 27:41.150 --> 27:43.640 Now I will just go ahead and print okay. 27:43.670 --> 27:46.070 So one print I will just use an F string. 27:46.070 --> 27:51.320 And inside this f string let me first of all go ahead and display my student underscore ID okay. 27:51.350 --> 27:56.900 And this will basically be my student underscore info right. 27:57.230 --> 28:04.460 Now I may want a scenario wherein I traverse through or I iterate over all the elements that are inside 28:04.460 --> 28:05.030 this. 28:05.060 --> 28:05.660 Right. 28:05.690 --> 28:06.860 So let me do that. 28:06.860 --> 28:10.760 So I will go ahead and write for key comma value okay. 28:10.970 --> 28:14.330 In student underscore info. 28:14.360 --> 28:16.100 Right I need to iterate through this. 28:16.100 --> 28:19.220 And this is all information are present inside student underscore info. 28:19.250 --> 28:22.820 Now inside this also I will be able to find out keys and values. 28:22.820 --> 28:26.990 So I will go ahead and print F again. 28:27.020 --> 28:28.880 My key. 28:29.010 --> 28:32.430 And this will be nothing, but it will be colon again. 28:32.430 --> 28:35.610 My value right now, let's go ahead and see. 28:35.820 --> 28:42.300 Oh, so there is an error for key comma value in student underscore info dot items. 28:42.300 --> 28:48.690 I missed out dot items because I am not getting too many information out of it, so see how it is printing 28:48.690 --> 28:49.920 this first information. 28:49.920 --> 28:51.180 This is my student. 28:51.180 --> 28:52.710 All the information is over here. 28:52.740 --> 28:56.730 Then I took this info and I iterated through every key and values. 28:56.730 --> 28:57.150 Right? 28:57.150 --> 28:58.590 So name is equal to Chris. 28:58.620 --> 28:59.910 Age is equal to 32. 28:59.940 --> 29:01.680 Then again it went to the for loop. 29:01.680 --> 29:06.090 It found out the another student ID that is student two with this name. 29:06.090 --> 29:08.820 And now it is printing name is equal to Peter and age is equal to five. 29:09.120 --> 29:13.440 So this is how you iterate over nested dictionaries. 29:13.440 --> 29:16.740 And you can play with different different elements as you want okay. 29:17.670 --> 29:22.050 So again any any level of nesting let it be right. 29:22.050 --> 29:23.760 You can iterate through each and everything. 29:23.760 --> 29:27.030 And just by using dot items you can get the key value pairs. 29:27.060 --> 29:27.780 Okay. 29:27.780 --> 29:35.670 Now let me just go ahead and talk about dictionary comprehension. 29:35.670 --> 29:39.240 Like how discussed about nested list comprehension. 29:39.270 --> 29:43.380 Similarly we'll discuss about uh, dictionary comprehension okay. 29:43.890 --> 29:45.480 Now dictionary comprehension. 29:45.480 --> 29:46.710 How does it work. 29:46.740 --> 29:55.620 Uh, and uh, let's say that I want to just print what is the square of a specific number between 1 29:55.620 --> 29:56.220 to 10. 29:56.250 --> 29:56.880 Okay. 29:56.910 --> 30:00.540 So let me just go ahead and create a variable square is equal to. 30:00.600 --> 30:03.960 And again what is the mechanism in list comprehension. 30:03.960 --> 30:05.520 We basically write like this right. 30:05.520 --> 30:10.020 In dictionary comprehension we use uh angular braces right. 30:10.110 --> 30:13.050 So first thing first always remember we need to write. 30:13.050 --> 30:14.100 You can write a for loop. 30:14.100 --> 30:15.630 You can write any condition over here. 30:15.630 --> 30:20.070 So let me go ahead and write for x in range of five okay. 30:20.100 --> 30:25.440 So I'm iterating between 0 to 5 and what I want I want to display something like this x is equal to 30:25.740 --> 30:27.760 x square. 30:27.850 --> 30:28.480 Okay. 30:28.540 --> 30:30.850 I'm basically squaring each and every number. 30:30.850 --> 30:33.040 And that is what is my x value. 30:33.040 --> 30:36.250 And this way it will probably display me. 30:36.250 --> 30:38.920 And this is the way how key and value pairs displays. 30:38.920 --> 30:39.310 Right. 30:39.310 --> 30:40.630 So this is my key. 30:40.630 --> 30:41.980 This will be the value. 30:42.010 --> 30:43.090 This will be my key. 30:43.120 --> 30:45.640 This will be the value as we keep on iterating. 30:45.640 --> 30:52.990 So if I just go ahead and execute this print squares again you can one assignment I definitely like 30:52.990 --> 30:53.380 to give you. 30:53.380 --> 30:57.040 Just go ahead and write this entire thing with a simple for loop okay. 30:57.070 --> 31:01.390 And then you try to convert this into a dictionary right a dictionary comprehension. 31:01.390 --> 31:04.090 So here you can see now I'm able to get a key value pair. 31:04.090 --> 31:05.320 So this is my zero is my key. 31:05.350 --> 31:06.220 Zero is the value. 31:06.250 --> 31:09.220 One is the key one is the value two is the key, four is the value. 31:09.220 --> 31:11.410 And we are doing the squaring of it right. 31:11.440 --> 31:13.150 Squaring off each and every number. 31:14.140 --> 31:20.350 Now let's say I want to probably go ahead and just find out the squares of only even number. 31:20.350 --> 31:22.960 So here I will also show you by writing conditions. 31:22.960 --> 31:25.450 So let me just go ahead and write conditional. 31:26.060 --> 31:27.080 dictionary. 31:29.510 --> 31:31.430 Comprehension. 31:32.420 --> 31:33.110 Okay. 31:33.410 --> 31:34.880 Comprehension. 31:35.870 --> 31:41.360 Now, the best way over here is that I will go ahead and create even variable. 31:41.420 --> 31:48.950 Now first of all for x in range of ten let me just go ahead and take ten variables. 31:48.980 --> 31:53.810 Okay I know what I need to display x square okay. 31:53.810 --> 31:55.880 But I will write one more condition. 31:55.880 --> 32:04.100 If if x modulus two is double equal to zero I will go ahead and print my events. 32:04.130 --> 32:04.790 Okay. 32:04.940 --> 32:06.620 Now let me just go ahead and execute it. 32:06.620 --> 32:13.610 So this is zero column 0244 column 16 636 864. 32:13.640 --> 32:14.000 Right. 32:14.030 --> 32:18.200 So this is in short giving me the square of only even numbers. 32:18.230 --> 32:18.920 Right. 32:19.100 --> 32:22.460 Now these are some of the examples. 32:22.490 --> 32:23.840 Again dictionary comprehension. 32:23.840 --> 32:26.640 You can like how do you execute with respect to list? 32:26.670 --> 32:30.300 Similarly, you can also do it with respect to, uh, deaneries. 32:30.330 --> 32:35.670 Only thing is that you need to have the output over here in the form of key value pairs. 32:35.700 --> 32:36.240 Okay. 32:36.360 --> 32:38.880 So this was one of the most amazing thing. 32:38.910 --> 32:39.450 Okay. 32:39.480 --> 32:46.620 Let me just show you some of the practical examples that may be beneficial for understanding, um, 32:46.620 --> 32:48.420 some more practical examples. 32:48.420 --> 32:54.660 And in the next video I will also talk about some of the amazing use cases where all this list, dictionaries 32:54.660 --> 32:55.950 or dictionaries will be used. 32:55.950 --> 32:56.340 Okay. 32:56.370 --> 32:58.200 So practical examples. 32:58.560 --> 32:59.070 Okay. 32:59.220 --> 33:04.500 Now with respect to this practical example I will give you a task. 33:04.890 --> 33:08.760 Use a dictionary okay. 33:09.150 --> 33:19.020 Use a dictionary to count the frequency of elements in list okay. 33:19.350 --> 33:21.000 Now we'll go ahead and see this. 33:21.000 --> 33:23.460 Let's say I have numbers. 33:23.530 --> 33:30.670 Numbers is nothing, but it is in the list format one comma, two comma, two comma, three comma, 33:30.670 --> 33:36.190 three comma, three comma four comma four comma four comma four. 33:36.220 --> 33:37.750 Okay, so these are my numbers. 33:37.780 --> 33:42.790 Now you need to write a code using dictionary to count the frequency of every element in the list, 33:42.790 --> 33:46.900 like one is present one time, two is present two times something like this. 33:46.900 --> 33:48.610 So I will go ahead and create. 33:48.610 --> 33:50.500 First of all you try it out, okay. 33:50.920 --> 33:56.500 Just pause for five, five, at least five minutes and just try to write whatever is possible by you 33:56.500 --> 33:58.390 and then go ahead and see the solution. 33:58.420 --> 33:58.960 Okay. 33:58.990 --> 34:02.410 Now let me just go ahead and create a frequency empty variable. 34:02.440 --> 34:08.320 Then I will go ahead and write for number in numbers. 34:08.470 --> 34:09.130 Okay. 34:09.700 --> 34:12.460 First of all I will iterate through each and every number. 34:12.490 --> 34:17.380 Then I will go ahead and write if number in frequency okay. 34:17.410 --> 34:21.010 If the number is basically present in the frequency then it is fine. 34:21.070 --> 34:28.190 Then what we do, we basically take that frequency of number and we keep on incrementing it. 34:28.220 --> 34:28.490 Right. 34:28.520 --> 34:29.990 Plus is equal to one. 34:30.260 --> 34:35.810 Now what exactly this is basically doing this is with respect to the key and with respect to that particular 34:35.810 --> 34:39.710 key I need to just increment keep on incrementing the value saying that hey it is present one time, 34:39.710 --> 34:40.580 two time, three time. 34:40.580 --> 34:42.920 Like when when two times basically comes. 34:42.920 --> 34:43.190 Right. 34:43.190 --> 34:47.060 So first time it will be zero and then it will go to one, two, three like that okay. 34:47.180 --> 34:55.640 Else if it is coming for the first time then we should basically assign that value to one, right. 34:56.090 --> 34:57.680 Otherwise it will keep on incrementing. 34:57.680 --> 34:59.330 So number is equal to one. 34:59.540 --> 35:02.210 Now let me just go ahead and print the frequency. 35:02.210 --> 35:07.250 So here you will be able to understand how many number of times one is present two is present and three 35:07.280 --> 35:07.670 is present. 35:07.670 --> 35:08.780 Just see this code. 35:08.780 --> 35:10.310 Observe this code okay. 35:10.340 --> 35:13.670 If I go ahead and execute it now here you can see numbers. 35:13.670 --> 35:14.630 It is iterating. 35:14.630 --> 35:16.940 If number is in the frequency initially it is not present. 35:16.940 --> 35:18.530 So what it will do it will go over here. 35:18.560 --> 35:21.050 Take this number and it will assign the value one. 35:21.120 --> 35:23.850 then it will go again back to the next number. 35:23.880 --> 35:24.990 Two is present. 35:25.020 --> 35:26.850 Number is not present in the frequency. 35:26.880 --> 35:29.610 It will again go back to the else loop and again it will update one. 35:29.640 --> 35:32.010 Then again it will go back okay. 35:32.040 --> 35:33.420 Then the next number is two. 35:33.450 --> 35:35.400 This time it is present in the frequency. 35:35.400 --> 35:36.360 So it will go inside. 35:36.360 --> 35:41.070 This frequency of two is equal to plus is equal to one right plus equal to one. 35:41.070 --> 35:43.770 So that basically means we are just going to increment one with one. 35:43.770 --> 35:44.760 So it will become two. 35:44.790 --> 35:46.560 So how many number of times two is present. 35:46.560 --> 35:48.330 Only that much will be remaining three. 35:48.360 --> 35:49.890 It will increment till three four. 35:49.920 --> 35:52.980 It will increment till four because there are four number of fours okay. 35:53.010 --> 35:56.820 So this is how you specifically get one amazing thing okay. 35:57.000 --> 36:00.360 Now let me just show you another one example. 36:00.360 --> 36:02.340 And this is probably we have not discussed. 36:02.340 --> 36:06.900 Also let's go ahead and merge two dictionaries into one okay. 36:06.930 --> 36:11.370 There may be scenario that I may have two dictionaries and I really want to merge them into one okay. 36:11.400 --> 36:15.000 This is one kind of hack that I really want to show it to you. 36:15.000 --> 36:20.890 So dictionary one and this is what we will understand when we understand about functions because there 36:20.890 --> 36:25.360 is one very key important parameter which is called as positional argument and keyword argument. 36:25.390 --> 36:25.930 Okay. 36:26.410 --> 36:29.710 Uh, why we use Asterix mask and all? 36:29.710 --> 36:31.900 I'll just discuss when we discuss about the function. 36:31.930 --> 36:36.910 So now let me say that hey there is my dictionary elements over here a is equal to one. 36:36.940 --> 36:40.060 And this B is nothing but equal to two okay. 36:40.090 --> 36:42.730 Similarly I may have a different dictionary. 36:42.730 --> 36:53.290 The second dictionary here b colon three and c is colon four. 36:54.310 --> 36:54.850 Okay. 36:54.880 --> 37:01.930 Now if I go ahead and write merge dictionary okay. 37:02.110 --> 37:09.760 Now see if I go ahead and try to merge this dictionary I will use two amazing things over here. 37:09.760 --> 37:11.710 One is asterisk. 37:11.740 --> 37:17.500 Asterisk dictionary one okay comma asterisk asterisk dictionary two. 37:17.860 --> 37:24.440 Now the best thing about this, Asterix, is that any number of a number of key value pairs. 37:24.470 --> 37:24.860 Right? 37:24.890 --> 37:30.200 If I'm giving two double asterisks, any number of key value pairs, that is probably going to come. 37:30.200 --> 37:34.460 It is just going to take that as a key value pair, and it is just going to append it inside this particular 37:34.460 --> 37:35.540 dictionary okay. 37:36.170 --> 37:38.420 This is basically called as a keyword argument. 37:38.450 --> 37:38.870 Okay. 37:38.900 --> 37:41.330 And over here you can see in dictionary one and dictionary two. 37:41.360 --> 37:42.770 Both are keyword argument. 37:42.800 --> 37:42.980 Okay. 37:43.010 --> 37:47.870 So keyword argument basically means any value that is present in the form of key value pairs. 37:47.900 --> 37:48.380 Okay. 37:48.410 --> 37:53.210 Now if I go ahead and print this merge dictionary and we'll discuss more about that in functions. 37:53.240 --> 37:53.780 Okay. 37:53.960 --> 37:57.200 So here you can see that it has merged very much easily. 37:57.230 --> 37:57.830 Okay. 37:58.130 --> 38:01.940 So I hope you got an idea about dictionaries. 38:02.090 --> 38:06.650 We have discussed so many different lines of code I've written over here in front of you, and almost 38:06.650 --> 38:08.660 each and every topics with some examples. 38:08.660 --> 38:13.700 And all I've actually explained, explained in a way that you should be able to understand a very lame 38:13.700 --> 38:14.420 language. 38:14.420 --> 38:16.070 So I hope you like this particular video. 38:16.100 --> 38:17.060 This was it from my side. 38:17.060 --> 38:18.110 I will see you in the next video. 38:18.110 --> 38:18.500 Thank you. 38:18.530 --> 38:18.980 Take care.