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♪lively jazz music♪

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[overlapping chatter]

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♪♪♪

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Please move backwards!

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Five steps backwards for me!

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[woman] Five steps back!

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♪♪♪

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[woman] All right, guys, [indistinct] gonna be that way!

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♪♪♪

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[Robert] Hello!

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-What's your name?

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-[Issa] Issa.

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-Issa!

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-[Issa] Very nice to meet you.

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Okay, one, two, three.

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Beautiful!

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[Issa] Thank you so much.

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[Robert] How are you?

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Take a couple!

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-Take a couple! -[woman] I got a couple.

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Okay, cool.

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♪♪♪

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-[Robert] Good luck to you.

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-Thank you.

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♪♪♪

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This is really important for my parents, you know.

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[Robert, chuckling] Okay!

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Thank you so much for all you do,

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and all the education you do.

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You're just making the world-- you're making America and the

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world better, so thank you.

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[Robert] Oh, that's really nice of you.

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-Yeah, yeah.

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-Thank you.

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♪♪♪

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Would you mind signing this for me?

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♪♪♪

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-Thank you!

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-[chuckles]

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-It's an honor meeting you.

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-[Robert] Thank you.

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-Hope you enjoy the shoe.

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-[man] Yeah, I will!

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♪♪♪

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[man on mic] Testing, check, check.

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Left channel, left channel.

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Right channel, right channel, right channel.

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Left channel, left channel, left channel.

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Right channel, right channel...

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[Robert VO] I've been a professor -- a teacher -- for

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42 years!

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[woman] You made it!

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[laughs]

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[Robert VO] I've done a lot of other things,

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but I've always come back to teaching.

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[woman] Did you get the email...

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Yes.

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[woman] With the syllabus and the readings?

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Yes, thank you.

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[Robert VO] That's been my home.

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And I can't imagine not...

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doing it, to be quite honest.

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[Ezra] Bob, it's great to see you.

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-[Bob] Ezra, great to see you.

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-[Ezra] I'm, uh...

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just kinda getting over the adrenaline rush that is the

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start of the [chuckles] semester.

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[Robert VO] But aging is a funny thing,

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and I just began to ask myself over and over again,

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"Can I do...

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what I love to do -- and what I feel like I am called to do --

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as well as I should be doing it?"

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And so, tomorrow, I'm going to be beginning my last semester

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as a professor.

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-[Robert] So, Nicki... -[Nicki] Yes.

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[Robert] Tomorrow, I will...

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probably not come in from over there.

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Okay.

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[Robert VO] But there's inevitably a big question mark

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in my mind.

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I still feel that excitement, that buzz,

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that energy.

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So, how can I possibly think about retiring from teaching?

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So, I will...

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do introductions, announcements...

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who I am, what this course is about,

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who you are, about you...

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-This is the first clicker.

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-[Nicki] Okay, I'm on it.

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[Robert VO] Beyond that, I deeply despise the word

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"retirement."

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So many people over the last couple of years have come up to

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me and said, "Are you still teaching?"

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or "Are you retired?"

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And I...

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resist the urge to punch them in the nose.

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Okay, can I, um, advance the slides?

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-[Nicki] Yes.

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-[clicking]

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[Robert VO] I mean...

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patience wears thin...

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[chuckling] when you-- when you don't have all that many

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infinite number of years left.

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So, how are we doing on time?

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-[Nicki] 6:33.

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-[Sasha] Uh, 6:30.

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[Robert] Okay.

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We should probably start talking about the course.

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[laughter]

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I'm sure there are complications that I don't even need to know

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or wanna know.

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-[Sasha] It's a great group.

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-Yeah.

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[Sasha] It's a really great group.

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Great.

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Well, I'm really-- I'm looking forward to meeting them

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tomorrow.

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Now, do we have any feel for how many are going to try to do this

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remotely?

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We've been trying to encourage everybody to come in person.

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[Robert] Good.

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Because it's just...

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the essence of the live course -- just like the essence of the

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sections -- is in the interaction,

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in the liveness.

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So, to the extent that we can have them in the course,

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so much the better.

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Yeah.

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[Robert] One other thing:

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you had written me -- I think in the fall -- about

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-recruiting people to be GSIs... -Okay.

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[Robert] I mean, now, I don't know...

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I was asked how many people know this is my last semester.

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I have no idea.

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Is this, a...

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-widely-understood...?

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-Yes.

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-Yeah.

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-[Robert] Okay.

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It's widely understood.

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We recruited people with that information,

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and then, today, I also...

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sent that out, um, as a part of the "Welcome back to school,

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welcome to Wealth and Poverty" reminder to all the students.

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To all the students?

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Oh, so they all know?

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[laughs]

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Okay.

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I can read you the exact language I used.

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[Robert] No, it's fine!

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You don't have to do that.

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-Okay.

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-[Robert] I just-- I've not...

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advertised it at all.

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But...

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you know, it's not a secret.

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So it's perfectly fine.

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I said, "It's Professor Reich's final semester of teaching."

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Oh, great!

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Great!

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[chuckles]

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Okay.

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♪lively jazz music♪

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[Heather] Thank you, sir.

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Edwin, how are you this morning?

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[Edwin] I'm good.

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How are you doing today?

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Great, thank you.

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[Edwin] A little honey on the side, exactly how you like it,

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-okay?

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-Okay.

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-[Edwin] Enjoy.

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-[Heather] Okay, um...

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-a couple items.

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-[Robert] Okay.

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[Heather] Did you sleep last night?

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Do I look that bad?

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[Heather, laughing] No, you don't look bad!

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But I'm just curious if you slept.

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[Robert] No, no.

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Oh, that reminds me; I have a new prescription.

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Anti-inflammatory.

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The only potential side effect...

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-is heart attack.

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-[Heather] Stop it!

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[chuckles]

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[Heather, laughing] This is terrible!

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-But that's-- -[Heather] I don't want this

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responsibility.

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It's not your responsibility!

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Heather, you take responsibility for all kinds of things.

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Yeah, but now I know that you might take this pill walking

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into your 800-person -- which is gonna be a thousand people...

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[Robert] Well, why is it your responsibility?

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'Cause I will feel guilty when you croak 'cause I could have

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stopped you from taking it!

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No, you can't stop me from taking it.

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This officially begins my old age.

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[Heather] Oh my gosh...

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[Robert] So now, in terms of the other business...

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if you could take a look at that...

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tape of Arthur Laffer and me?

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Because...

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that's another thing that would be great to develop.

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The public sees no examples of people who disagree...

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-[Heather] Right.

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-On everything.

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[Heather] Right.

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But who actually like each other or get along with each other,

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and are civil with each other.

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You know, I do have friends who I enjoy being with who...

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are on the other side of this great divide --

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who are Republicans, who are...

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I mean, look at Alan Simpson.

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-[Heather] Yeah.

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-I love the guy.

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I think...

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we could do a series, and we wrap around...

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you know, maybe three.

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It's an important piece of education.

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It's so typical for you...

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to be on the precipice of retiring,

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and we've started two new initiatives,

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-and it's not even 8:22.

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-[Robert] That's right.

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[laughs]

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[Heather] This is great.

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Check!

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And you're doing them.

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And you're doing them!

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[Heather] I need to get outta here.

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[clock tower bell tolling]

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♪energetic jazz drumming♪

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[cacophonous chatter]

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♪♪♪

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[chatter continues]

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♪♪♪

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[Robert] Hello!

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[Sasha] Hello, good to see you!

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Your announcements...

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"If you have any questions related to the course,

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please email Sasha..."

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This is so articulate...

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you're gonna give it.

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-[Sasha] Okay!

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[laughs] -[Robert] Okay?

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[Sasha] Sure!

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[man on mic] Students, as you come in,

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please file to the center of each row.

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Do not congregate in the aisles.

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Step all the way in.

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[indistinct] on either side.

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♪What you want♪

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♪Baby, I got it♪

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♪What you need♪

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♪You know I got it♪

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♪All I'm askin'♪

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♪Is for a little respect when you come home♪

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♪Hey, baby♪

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♪When you get home♪

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♪Mister♪

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♪I ain't gonna do you wrong♪

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♪While you're gone♪

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♪I ain't gonna do you wrong...♪

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This gets me in the mood!

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♪All I'm askin'...♪

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[Sasha on mic] Please login now.

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[indistinct] live poll.

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[indistinct] email me or your other head GSI Sasha.

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Thank you.

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♪♪♪

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[music shuts off]

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[Robert] Okay, well, um...

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Hello.

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[crowd] Hi!

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00:11:11,871 --> 00:11:12,621
[cheering]

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00:11:13,289 --> 00:11:14,533
Well, I don't need that kind of hello,

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00:11:14,874 --> 00:11:15,917
but thank you for that hello!

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It's so great to see all of you, and see your faces.

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00:11:20,546 --> 00:11:22,881
My name is Robert Reich, this is Wealth and Poverty.

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00:11:24,069 --> 00:11:25,333
And...

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we'll talk a lot about wealth, and we'll talk a lot about

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00:11:28,324 --> 00:11:28,610
poverty.

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00:11:29,180 --> 00:11:31,568
But, first of all, in terms of introductions, who am I?

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00:11:31,969 --> 00:11:34,638
Well, I was an economic advisor to Barack Obama.

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Before that, I was Secretary of Labor in the Clinton

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00:11:38,314 --> 00:11:38,802
Administration.

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Before that, Assistant to the Solicitor General in the Ford

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Administration.

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Am I getting into ancient history?

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00:11:49,758 --> 00:11:52,067
And before that, I was Special Assistant...

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00:11:53,412 --> 00:11:54,959
to Abraham Lincoln, as many of you...

293
00:11:55,039 --> 00:11:56,570
-[laughter] -You know that.

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00:11:57,869 --> 00:11:59,295
No, that's...

295
00:11:59,395 --> 00:12:01,046
that's a bad...

296
00:12:01,126 --> 00:12:01,569
a bad joke.

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00:12:02,775 --> 00:12:06,032
[Robert VO] Every class, every semester is different.

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I'm reminded of that old saying that you can never step into the

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same stream twice.

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00:12:13,766 --> 00:12:16,237
Well, it's something like that with regard to the course.

301
00:12:17,141 --> 00:12:19,430
I've been teaching here at Berkeley for maybe 17 or 18

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00:12:20,876 --> 00:12:21,079
years.

303
00:12:21,564 --> 00:12:23,275
I never expected it was gonna be that long.

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00:12:23,275 --> 00:12:25,330
[Robert VO] U Cal Berkeley is a public university.

305
00:12:26,257 --> 00:12:28,331
I came here in part because of exactly that.

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And before that, I was teaching at a university called Brandeis.

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Before that, at a university called Harvard.

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00:12:41,105 --> 00:12:43,438
[Robert VO] There is something different about a public

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university.

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00:12:45,714 --> 00:12:48,668
A third of my students are from community colleges.

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A disproportionate number are first-generation students in

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college.

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What difference does it make?

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00:12:56,600 --> 00:12:57,463
Well, it makes a difference.

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00:12:58,727 --> 00:12:59,799
[Robert] So, this is the first question.

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00:13:00,062 --> 00:13:01,371
This is the first clicker exercise,

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starting with something very easy about you.

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00:13:06,042 --> 00:13:08,635
"When I was growing up, I would say my family was:

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A) wealthy, B) upper middle class,

320
00:13:11,573 --> 00:13:13,777
C) middle class, D) working class,

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00:13:14,158 --> 00:13:16,290
E) low income or poor."

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00:13:18,080 --> 00:13:18,283
Go.

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00:13:20,456 --> 00:13:22,795
[Robert VO] They're highly motivated.

324
00:13:22,835 --> 00:13:24,680
They are not entitled.

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00:13:26,422 --> 00:13:27,748
How can I say that in a nice way?

326
00:13:28,591 --> 00:13:29,494
They don't feel anybody...

327
00:13:31,260 --> 00:13:31,624
owes them...

328
00:13:33,262 --> 00:13:34,110
a college education.

329
00:13:35,139 --> 00:13:37,545
[Robert] And let's end the bidding there and see...

330
00:13:38,267 --> 00:13:40,763
Well, there's a big bunch of you that say "upper middle class" or

331
00:13:41,145 --> 00:13:43,432
"professional," a small number say "wealthy."

332
00:13:44,315 --> 00:13:45,843
But then, the rest of you are spread out --

333
00:13:47,109 --> 00:13:49,262
"middle class," "working class"...

334
00:13:51,153 --> 00:13:51,922
"low income or poor."

335
00:13:52,448 --> 00:13:54,457
I wanna just stress the subjectivity here.

336
00:13:55,200 --> 00:13:58,815
I discovered, when I was in my 20s -- not until I was in my 20s

337
00:13:58,996 --> 00:14:00,409
-- that we actually were quite poor.

338
00:14:01,540 --> 00:14:03,495
But I didn't know it because everybody around me was...

339
00:14:05,113 --> 00:14:05,275
poor.

340
00:14:05,377 --> 00:14:09,639
That is, you don't know much about where you are situated

341
00:14:09,840 --> 00:14:13,470
economically if everybody around you is pretty much the same.

342
00:14:14,011 --> 00:14:17,259
It's only when you get a sense of relativity that you learn

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00:14:17,640 --> 00:14:19,426
more about your situation.

344
00:14:20,309 --> 00:14:22,275
[Robert VO] And so, I have two goals for my students.

345
00:14:23,479 --> 00:14:25,508
That first goal is I want them to think!

346
00:14:26,231 --> 00:14:29,327
I want them to get into the habit of thinking hard about the

347
00:14:29,568 --> 00:14:32,259
issues that we are talking about together.

348
00:14:33,364 --> 00:14:35,083
I want them to question their own assumptions.

349
00:14:35,427 --> 00:14:39,255
I want them to become much more critical in terms of their

350
00:14:39,536 --> 00:14:40,200
thinking.

351
00:14:40,662 --> 00:14:42,555
And so, we start with the question:

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00:14:42,998 --> 00:14:46,134
"What happened to the US economy beginning after the

353
00:14:46,335 --> 00:14:46,960
Second World War?"

354
00:14:47,606 --> 00:14:49,535
And this is adjusted for inflation.

355
00:14:50,339 --> 00:14:50,520
Wow!

356
00:14:51,548 --> 00:14:52,992
This is an extraordinary record!

357
00:14:55,677 --> 00:14:59,313
So, where did most of the economy's gains go?

358
00:15:01,433 --> 00:15:03,240
The wealth held by the richest 400 Americans,

359
00:15:04,686 --> 00:15:07,440
as a percentage of the total US economy.

360
00:15:08,023 --> 00:15:08,531
Let's take a look.

361
00:15:09,586 --> 00:15:10,190
Starting in 1980...

362
00:15:12,361 --> 00:15:13,268
This is just 400.

363
00:15:18,409 --> 00:15:18,992
Do you get the picture?

364
00:15:26,228 --> 00:15:27,714
This is not blaming them.

365
00:15:30,129 --> 00:15:34,291
Let me hasten to say, this is not about them being bad or

366
00:15:34,633 --> 00:15:37,458
wrong, or doing something that is nefarious.

367
00:15:39,304 --> 00:15:41,274
This is simply about what has happened.

368
00:15:43,912 --> 00:15:44,575
[Robert VO] My second goal...

369
00:15:46,478 --> 00:15:49,967
is I want some of them, and expect some of them,

370
00:15:50,669 --> 00:15:52,361
and hope some of them will actually...

371
00:15:54,403 --> 00:15:56,190
help the world, help improve...

372
00:15:57,656 --> 00:15:58,198
what we see.

373
00:16:00,262 --> 00:16:01,713
Reverse some of the troubling trends.

374
00:16:03,506 --> 00:16:05,256
Now, I want to suggest to you...

375
00:16:07,666 --> 00:16:09,433
that the subject of this class...

376
00:16:13,464 --> 00:16:18,349
is directly and powerfully related to the subject of

377
00:16:18,927 --> 00:16:19,249
democracy,

378
00:16:21,638 --> 00:16:22,364
and the quality...

379
00:16:24,159 --> 00:16:26,386
and capacity of our country...

380
00:16:28,437 --> 00:16:29,222
to survive.

381
00:16:30,147 --> 00:16:31,955
Whether you are worried about climate change,

382
00:16:32,357 --> 00:16:33,620
or you're worried about anything else...

383
00:16:36,653 --> 00:16:39,749
I want to suggest to you that much of what we are going to be

384
00:16:39,990 --> 00:16:42,299
talking about over the next 14 weeks

385
00:16:43,785 --> 00:16:45,430
is happening now.

386
00:16:46,975 --> 00:16:49,085
This is not an exercise in theory,

387
00:16:49,748 --> 00:16:54,713
this is an exercise in understanding reality,

388
00:16:55,130 --> 00:16:58,485
understanding a system -- a political economic system --

389
00:16:58,967 --> 00:16:59,914
moving through time.

390
00:17:05,994 --> 00:17:07,100
It's gonna be a wild ride.

391
00:17:07,643 --> 00:17:08,429
Thank you for joining me.

392
00:17:09,658 --> 00:17:09,858
[applause]

393
00:17:23,242 --> 00:17:24,993
[Nicki] How'd it go, Bob?

394
00:17:24,993 --> 00:17:29,457
Judging from, um, what I saw, a lot of people are bewildered.

395
00:17:30,249 --> 00:17:30,670
-[Nicki] Okay.

396
00:17:30,690 --> 00:17:31,413
-A lot of the students.

397
00:17:32,476 --> 00:17:34,802
I've gotta run; we're gonna have-- the GSIs and I are

398
00:17:35,003 --> 00:17:35,432
getting together.

399
00:17:36,046 --> 00:17:36,512
-Thank you.

400
00:17:36,533 --> 00:17:37,506
-[Sasha] Yeah, thank you.

401
00:17:37,506 --> 00:17:38,539
[Robert] Great job.

402
00:17:41,799 --> 00:17:44,221
[Robert VO] There was a lot of confusion.

403
00:17:44,596 --> 00:17:45,039
I think...

404
00:17:46,682 --> 00:17:49,790
if I were gonna do it again, I'd cut out a lot of the graphs,

405
00:17:50,352 --> 00:17:52,842
because they-- they're not...

406
00:17:53,312 --> 00:17:56,094
they're less, um...

407
00:17:56,275 --> 00:17:58,841
they're less fascinated by the graphics stuff than I am.

408
00:18:00,924 --> 00:18:04,778
[Robert VO] What they're used to is kind of absorbing data for

409
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:07,130
regurgitation on exams.

410
00:18:08,537 --> 00:18:13,062
They're not used to absorbing data in terms of the...

411
00:18:14,438 --> 00:18:16,437
emotional reality of data.

412
00:18:16,962 --> 00:18:18,495
This is something that's really important.

413
00:18:18,797 --> 00:18:21,372
I mean, you can't reach their intellect if you don't reach

414
00:18:22,237 --> 00:18:23,345
their emotions.

415
00:18:23,385 --> 00:18:24,812
You can't reach their emotions unless you've reached...

416
00:18:25,053 --> 00:18:26,124
You've gotta operate on both.

417
00:18:27,256 --> 00:18:28,432
[clapping] [woman] Well done, GSIs!

418
00:18:28,513 --> 00:18:30,100
[Sasha] That was awesome!

419
00:18:30,100 --> 00:18:30,643
-[woman] So good!

420
00:18:30,663 --> 00:18:31,709
-[Sasha] That was great.

421
00:18:32,133 --> 00:18:32,456
Good!

422
00:18:33,268 --> 00:18:34,816
[Sasha] The energy was really great.

423
00:18:35,879 --> 00:18:36,401
[woman] Yes.

424
00:18:37,957 --> 00:18:38,341
GSPP?

425
00:18:39,350 --> 00:18:39,877
[Sasha] GSPP.

426
00:18:39,897 --> 00:18:40,726
All the GSIs are outside.

427
00:18:41,435 --> 00:18:42,062
[woman] Perfect.

428
00:18:42,787 --> 00:18:47,472
♪tender light jazz♪

429
00:19:15,687 --> 00:19:18,533
[Robert] I can't tell you the number of times I'm on a plane

430
00:19:19,274 --> 00:19:21,947
or in a city, and somebody comes up and says,

431
00:19:23,695 --> 00:19:24,282
"Professor Reich!"

432
00:19:25,113 --> 00:19:28,056
You know, "John blah blah blah from class of...

433
00:19:28,197 --> 00:19:28,441
'84!"

434
00:19:29,618 --> 00:19:31,193
And I have no recollection.

435
00:19:33,015 --> 00:19:33,863
But just do the math.

436
00:19:34,873 --> 00:19:37,923
If I'm teaching an average of 800 to 1,000 students a year,

437
00:19:39,628 --> 00:19:42,196
there are a number of students out there -- quite a number.

438
00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:43,741
♪♪♪

439
00:19:47,970 --> 00:19:49,525
The students used to call this my museum,

440
00:19:50,514 --> 00:19:53,690
because I put up on the walls stuff that I, um...

441
00:19:54,976 --> 00:19:56,138
have done over the years.

442
00:19:58,647 --> 00:20:02,102
Up there is a photo of Bill Clinton's Cabinet --

443
00:20:02,484 --> 00:20:03,068
his first Cabinet.

444
00:20:05,404 --> 00:20:06,686
My first Supreme Court argument.

445
00:20:09,177 --> 00:20:12,095
Over there is a puppet of Newt Gingrich.

446
00:20:15,724 --> 00:20:19,368
That's when we got the first minimum wage increase in years,

447
00:20:20,669 --> 00:20:22,480
through a Republican-controlled Congress.

448
00:20:23,567 --> 00:20:25,341
I was very proud of that.

449
00:20:28,844 --> 00:20:31,210
[Elliot] When did you think you knew you wanted to be a teacher?

450
00:20:33,452 --> 00:20:35,601
[Robert] I knew it from the first day,

451
00:20:36,184 --> 00:20:38,079
when I came into the classroom at Harvard.

452
00:20:39,187 --> 00:20:40,861
It was like...

453
00:20:41,022 --> 00:20:43,296
eating a wonderful meal for the first time.

454
00:20:44,443 --> 00:20:47,194
I just thought, "Oh, this is so...

455
00:20:47,696 --> 00:20:50,038
[chuckles] wonderful, and lovely,

456
00:20:50,280 --> 00:20:52,562
and easy, and refreshing, and delicious!"

457
00:20:52,784 --> 00:20:55,700
And I just-- I fell in love with it immediately.

458
00:20:57,187 --> 00:20:57,268
♪♪♪

459
00:21:00,041 --> 00:21:03,386
If you asked me, emotionally, is this 40 years ago?

460
00:21:04,608 --> 00:21:06,890
[chuckling] No, it's five years ago!

461
00:21:07,152 --> 00:21:11,794
I mean, I understand that that is not the person who you are

462
00:21:12,095 --> 00:21:15,243
now seeing, but that's actually my self-image

463
00:21:16,306 --> 00:21:17,230
part of the time now.

464
00:21:18,907 --> 00:21:19,394
[laughs]

465
00:21:19,978 --> 00:21:22,803
The big surprise is not what you see in the photo,

466
00:21:23,064 --> 00:21:24,326
the big surprise is what you see in the mirror!

467
00:21:26,962 --> 00:21:30,434
Here is when I ran for the nomination for governor in

468
00:21:31,156 --> 00:21:31,639
Massachusetts.

469
00:21:32,706 --> 00:21:34,840
The Boston Herald -- very conservative -- they couldn't

470
00:21:35,243 --> 00:21:36,269
find anything else to talk about,

471
00:21:36,912 --> 00:21:40,303
so they manufactured a story about short people being angry

472
00:21:40,624 --> 00:21:43,520
because I was making fun of my height sometimes.

473
00:21:44,936 --> 00:21:48,165
I'm gonna have to find places for all this in my garage.

474
00:21:49,007 --> 00:21:50,955
Maybe I'll just have a big "Going Out of Business" sale.

475
00:21:52,427 --> 00:21:55,151
And this is my Cabinet chair.

476
00:21:56,493 --> 00:21:57,657
It's incredibly uncomfortable.

477
00:21:58,099 --> 00:21:59,166
I mean, I never liked it.

478
00:22:00,455 --> 00:22:02,222
But what are you gonna do when you have a Cabinet chair?

479
00:22:02,604 --> 00:22:03,271
Are you gonna throw it out?

480
00:22:04,450 --> 00:22:04,981
[chuckles]

481
00:22:05,062 --> 00:22:06,194
You're not gonna put it in your living room!

482
00:22:06,942 --> 00:22:07,992
So, this is the best place for it.

483
00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:11,846
I don't know what happens to it when I leave this office.

484
00:22:13,509 --> 00:22:13,649
♪♪♪

485
00:22:38,702 --> 00:22:39,750
This is Berkeley, California.

486
00:22:41,059 --> 00:22:42,706
I first came out here in the late 1960s.

487
00:22:44,374 --> 00:22:46,922
It was a tumultuous decade; I remember,

488
00:22:48,146 --> 00:22:50,589
you know, when I first came out here -- 1968 -- well...

489
00:22:53,405 --> 00:22:54,531
many of us thought America...

490
00:22:56,199 --> 00:22:57,751
would never recover from...

491
00:22:59,202 --> 00:23:02,926
the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Bobby Kennedy,

492
00:23:04,693 --> 00:23:08,429
the cities burning as a result of riots...

493
00:23:08,670 --> 00:23:11,327
And the whole country was coming apart;

494
00:23:11,649 --> 00:23:13,480
it felt like we were coming apart at the seams.

495
00:23:15,010 --> 00:23:18,180
And then who becomes President but Richard Nixon!

496
00:23:18,863 --> 00:23:21,300
Of all people, Richard Nixon becomes President!

497
00:23:21,683 --> 00:23:23,376
I mean, I went to Oxford...

498
00:23:25,664 --> 00:23:27,419
that...

499
00:23:27,439 --> 00:23:31,787
fall, thinking I wasn't sure what the future of this country

500
00:23:32,249 --> 00:23:33,378
was going to be.

501
00:23:34,863 --> 00:23:36,010
I wasn't sure it had a future.

502
00:23:39,548 --> 00:23:41,374
[Robert] Now, we have not yet talked about something.

503
00:23:43,038 --> 00:23:46,631
There is a kind of social contract in the course.

504
00:23:48,376 --> 00:23:51,601
And by "social contract," I mean what we owe each other...

505
00:23:54,215 --> 00:23:58,179
as members of the same community in this classroom,

506
00:24:00,095 --> 00:24:04,960
or community as in Berkeley, University of California,

507
00:24:05,226 --> 00:24:06,794
or community as in Berkeley town,

508
00:24:07,437 --> 00:24:11,771
or community as in East Bay, or community as in people who

509
00:24:12,233 --> 00:24:14,004
inhabit the United States,

510
00:24:15,070 --> 00:24:15,972
or as human beings.

511
00:24:21,242 --> 00:24:22,064
What do we owe each other?

512
00:24:24,245 --> 00:24:28,028
I bring this up to you because, as we get deeper into the

513
00:24:28,249 --> 00:24:33,114
course, we can't avoid these moral questions.

514
00:24:35,590 --> 00:24:39,034
What is the meaning of a good, decent

515
00:24:40,095 --> 00:24:40,479
society?

516
00:24:41,763 --> 00:24:43,159
Since I came to...

517
00:24:43,807 --> 00:24:47,282
[Robert VO] I try to be mindful of the world these students are

518
00:24:47,644 --> 00:24:48,050
entering.

519
00:24:49,104 --> 00:24:50,657
I was talking with some of them recently,

520
00:24:50,939 --> 00:24:53,426
and I asked, "You're no longer Generation Z.

521
00:24:54,609 --> 00:24:55,495
What do you call yourself?

522
00:24:55,777 --> 00:24:57,486
What's the generation after Generation Z?

523
00:24:58,049 --> 00:24:58,843
What are you?"

524
00:24:58,903 --> 00:25:00,327
And they -- several of them -- said,

525
00:25:01,009 --> 00:25:02,392
"We're the Last Generation."

526
00:25:05,954 --> 00:25:07,010
The Last Generation?

527
00:25:06,989 --> 00:25:07,010
!

528
00:25:07,497 --> 00:25:08,022
What does that mean?

529
00:25:08,002 --> 00:25:08,022
!

530
00:25:10,625 --> 00:25:12,218
Are you so cynical?

531
00:25:12,460 --> 00:25:13,006
Are you so...

532
00:25:14,462 --> 00:25:16,071
kind of laden with this sense of doom

533
00:25:17,298 --> 00:25:19,007
that you think everything will end?

534
00:25:18,987 --> 00:25:19,007
!

535
00:25:22,303 --> 00:25:24,226
[Robert] This is another clicker question.

536
00:25:26,014 --> 00:25:28,027
"Overall, when I'm being very honest with myself, I'm:

537
00:25:28,309 --> 00:25:31,196
A) pessimistic about the future of America and the world,

538
00:25:31,436 --> 00:25:34,141
although I'm optimistic about my own future,

539
00:25:34,482 --> 00:25:38,200
or B) I'm optimistic about the future of America and the world,

540
00:25:38,381 --> 00:25:40,510
although I'm pessimistic about my own future,

541
00:25:41,132 --> 00:25:42,896
or C) I'm pessimistic about both."

542
00:25:44,909 --> 00:25:45,474
Go.

543
00:25:47,162 --> 00:25:51,135
[Robert VO] But there is this huge question hanging over these

544
00:25:51,416 --> 00:25:52,138
young people today...

545
00:25:53,501 --> 00:25:57,975
about whether the world will survive in anything close to the

546
00:25:58,256 --> 00:26:00,028
state it now exists.

547
00:26:03,464 --> 00:26:05,532
Okay, let's end the bidding.

548
00:26:10,934 --> 00:26:14,199
Well, most of you say that you are pessimistic about the future

549
00:26:14,439 --> 00:26:16,431
of America and the world, although you are optimistic

550
00:26:16,733 --> 00:26:18,137
about your own future.

551
00:26:21,716 --> 00:26:24,247
And the next largest group of you are pessimistic about both.

552
00:26:27,744 --> 00:26:28,934
Pessimism is fine.

553
00:26:32,082 --> 00:26:32,845
Cynicism is not.

554
00:26:35,627 --> 00:26:36,071
There is a difference.

555
00:26:38,670 --> 00:26:42,119
[Robert VO] Now, I think one way to help make sense of the world

556
00:26:42,801 --> 00:26:47,171
has to do with inequality -- widening inequality --

557
00:26:47,472 --> 00:26:49,784
of income, and wealth, and political power,

558
00:26:50,266 --> 00:26:50,752
and racism.

559
00:26:51,643 --> 00:26:52,926
Because it's inequality...

560
00:26:54,562 --> 00:26:57,987
that, in many ways, is undermining democracy,

561
00:26:58,608 --> 00:27:01,995
which, in many ways, makes it difficult to do anything.

562
00:27:03,798 --> 00:27:08,423
[Robert] Today, we're going to be looking at kind of a pretty

563
00:27:08,743 --> 00:27:09,307
basic question:

564
00:27:09,971 --> 00:27:14,355
"Should you care about widening inequality of income...

565
00:27:15,667 --> 00:27:15,990
and wealth?"

566
00:27:17,502 --> 00:27:19,970
And the reason I even bring this up...

567
00:27:20,130 --> 00:27:22,216
is because there are a lot of voices out there that say we

568
00:27:22,757 --> 00:27:23,260
should not.

569
00:27:24,946 --> 00:27:27,614
And I wanna talk to you about their arguments.

570
00:27:30,014 --> 00:27:32,172
One of the best ways of learning -- I have found,

571
00:27:32,454 --> 00:27:35,551
in my life -- is to discuss something with somebody who

572
00:27:35,812 --> 00:27:36,520
disagrees with you.

573
00:27:37,981 --> 00:27:41,639
Now, we have a little bit of a problem here at Berkeley in that

574
00:27:42,483 --> 00:27:44,013
the consensus is very strong.

575
00:27:45,321 --> 00:27:48,082
It's hard to find a lot of people who disagree with the

576
00:27:48,283 --> 00:27:48,828
dominant view.

577
00:27:50,160 --> 00:27:52,366
But that means that if you do have a,

578
00:27:52,787 --> 00:27:54,261
quote, "minority or dissenting view,"

579
00:27:55,290 --> 00:27:57,467
not only should you be respected,

580
00:27:57,809 --> 00:28:01,475
but also, obviously, that discussion is the essence of

581
00:28:01,796 --> 00:28:02,484
learning, for everybody.

582
00:28:04,966 --> 00:28:06,030
And so, should we care?

583
00:28:07,135 --> 00:28:10,604
One of the "No" reasons why we should not care about widening

584
00:28:10,805 --> 00:28:14,369
inequality is that the rewards of great wealth...

585
00:28:16,644 --> 00:28:18,073
fuel entrepreneurship,

586
00:28:19,522 --> 00:28:21,266
from which we all benefit.

587
00:28:22,901 --> 00:28:25,412
Without inequality -- or at least some inequality --

588
00:28:25,673 --> 00:28:27,917
of income and wealth, there would not be enough incentive

589
00:28:28,718 --> 00:28:30,310
for people to invent.

590
00:28:32,577 --> 00:28:33,440
And create businesses.

591
00:28:35,163 --> 00:28:35,931
And create jobs.

592
00:28:38,708 --> 00:28:40,164
Secondly...

593
00:28:40,710 --> 00:28:42,848
[Robert VO] Hopefully, I'm giving these students the

594
00:28:43,171 --> 00:28:45,746
ability to ask the kind of questions that they need to be

595
00:28:46,007 --> 00:28:49,200
asking of themselves and of the world that they're entering.

596
00:28:50,573 --> 00:28:54,759
But that process is more challenging today than it was

597
00:28:55,119 --> 00:28:55,523
40 years ago.

598
00:28:57,078 --> 00:29:00,788
I'm looking at your faces, and I would say 20 percent of you have

599
00:29:01,189 --> 00:29:02,036
no idea what I just said.

600
00:29:03,608 --> 00:29:06,174
But we'll come back to that; don't worry about it.

601
00:29:06,194 --> 00:29:08,811
[Robert VO] And so, I've had classes that I don't really ever

602
00:29:09,113 --> 00:29:11,059
feel come fully together.

603
00:29:13,540 --> 00:29:13,723
But...

604
00:29:13,743 --> 00:29:14,285
I can't force it.

605
00:29:15,954 --> 00:29:17,295
♪light jazz music♪

606
00:30:26,941 --> 00:30:29,117
[woman] A lot of my students, they've...

607
00:30:29,319 --> 00:30:33,078
noticed that pattern of you not wanting to share your own

608
00:30:34,224 --> 00:30:34,506
opinion.

609
00:30:35,345 --> 00:30:36,367
So I just thought it was interesting that,

610
00:30:36,367 --> 00:30:37,620
even though they know where you stand,

611
00:30:37,660 --> 00:30:40,013
they kind of just want you to say it to their faces,

612
00:30:40,496 --> 00:30:42,186
-and... -[laughter]

613
00:30:42,206 --> 00:30:42,550
I...yeah.

614
00:30:43,541 --> 00:30:45,447
A lot of my students have said similar things in their

615
00:30:45,668 --> 00:30:47,741
mid-semester feedback of "Can you give us the answers after

616
00:30:47,962 --> 00:30:48,265
the polls?"

617
00:30:49,253 --> 00:30:51,148
And he purposefully doesn't do that.

618
00:30:51,712 --> 00:30:53,560
Like, the way the slides are structured is that there's a

619
00:30:53,841 --> 00:30:55,329
graph after the poll or something like that,

620
00:30:55,490 --> 00:30:57,100
and so you get the students critically thinking about the

621
00:30:57,221 --> 00:30:58,711
material, and what the question is,

622
00:30:58,973 --> 00:31:01,149
and what the answer might be, given this information that Bob

623
00:31:01,351 --> 00:31:01,817
is presenting.

624
00:31:02,951 --> 00:31:05,589
And so, what I've tried to tell my students is "Try to think

625
00:31:05,730 --> 00:31:07,944
about why he's not giving you the answers."

626
00:31:08,790 --> 00:31:09,856
[chuckles] Does that make sense?

627
00:31:10,358 --> 00:31:11,527
[woman] That's very helpful.

628
00:31:11,829 --> 00:31:13,761
And, again, it's not as if there's the right answer.

629
00:31:14,425 --> 00:31:15,207
There's informed...

630
00:31:16,511 --> 00:31:17,789
thoughtful...

631
00:31:17,992 --> 00:31:20,225
opinions, based upon data...

632
00:31:21,371 --> 00:31:22,057
and analysis.

633
00:31:22,663 --> 00:31:23,227
That's all there is.

634
00:31:23,831 --> 00:31:26,401
I don't want them to carry around my opinions;

635
00:31:26,521 --> 00:31:27,668
that's.. [chuckles]

636
00:31:27,668 --> 00:31:28,723
Who cares what my opinion is?

637
00:31:28,703 --> 00:31:28,723
!

638
00:31:29,170 --> 00:31:30,118
It's not that there are no facts;

639
00:31:30,380 --> 00:31:30,907
there are facts.

640
00:31:31,839 --> 00:31:35,061
But they want more than facts, they want...

641
00:31:35,343 --> 00:31:35,972
"What should we think?"

642
00:31:35,993 --> 00:31:36,886
[chuckles]

643
00:31:36,886 --> 00:31:38,454
And that's different than the facts.

644
00:31:40,118 --> 00:31:41,829
[woman] Yeah, I got that from some of my students,

645
00:31:41,849 --> 00:31:42,935
'cause they're so used to this, like,

646
00:31:43,518 --> 00:31:45,153
"We all sit in the front and look at the teacher,

647
00:31:45,415 --> 00:31:46,842
and then the teacher tells us what to think,

648
00:31:47,063 --> 00:31:48,929
and then deposits some information,"

649
00:31:49,190 --> 00:31:51,576
and we're doing a lot more interaction than I think they're

650
00:31:51,776 --> 00:31:52,057
used to.

651
00:31:52,902 --> 00:31:55,122
Sometimes I even have them just sit in a circle,

652
00:31:55,405 --> 00:31:56,304
because...

653
00:31:56,447 --> 00:31:58,622
whenever they're responding in discussion,

654
00:31:58,923 --> 00:32:00,828
they're looking at me, and I'm like,

655
00:32:00,868 --> 00:32:01,836
"I want you to look at each other,

656
00:32:02,078 --> 00:32:02,751
and talk to each other.

657
00:32:03,118 --> 00:32:05,274
You're not saying this to me, and I'm also not responding to

658
00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:07,276
what you're saying, your classmates are."

659
00:32:07,538 --> 00:32:09,742
So that has helped to disrupt this...

660
00:32:11,045 --> 00:32:15,080
teacher-student deposit information vibe that happens.

661
00:32:15,883 --> 00:32:18,094
[Robert] It's an important point.

662
00:32:18,114 --> 00:32:20,425
We have to all keep telling ourselves,

663
00:32:21,993 --> 00:32:23,362
"They will learn much more...

664
00:32:24,892 --> 00:32:27,042
through engaging their curiosity,

665
00:32:27,645 --> 00:32:29,329
not giving them our opinions."

666
00:32:30,513 --> 00:32:32,427
And we've talked about this before,

667
00:32:32,608 --> 00:32:36,992
but it's really important to protect the dissident voices.

668
00:32:39,780 --> 00:32:40,041
And...

669
00:32:40,825 --> 00:32:44,549
not just protect them, but encourage them,

670
00:32:45,830 --> 00:32:48,074
and continue to keep them all off balance,

671
00:32:48,916 --> 00:32:49,518
which is what we're doing.

672
00:32:51,185 --> 00:32:53,688
♪lively jazz music♪

673
00:33:29,384 --> 00:33:31,149
So, I wanna play a game.

674
00:33:32,793 --> 00:33:33,782
Every one of you,

675
00:33:34,670 --> 00:33:37,398
just look to the person to your right or to your left.

676
00:33:38,883 --> 00:33:41,333
The person on my left is Person A,

677
00:33:42,136 --> 00:33:44,583
and the person on my right is Person B.

678
00:33:46,682 --> 00:33:49,526
Person A is going to get, figuratively,

679
00:33:50,728 --> 00:33:51,998
1,000 dollars from me.

680
00:33:53,147 --> 00:33:53,651
Figuratively.

681
00:33:56,150 --> 00:33:58,054
I offer 1,000 dollars to A,

682
00:33:59,098 --> 00:34:01,267
and A offers a portion to B...

683
00:34:03,491 --> 00:34:05,317
and writes it down in complete silence.

684
00:34:09,313 --> 00:34:13,032
And my 1,000-dollars offer goes through only if B accepts.

685
00:34:15,545 --> 00:34:16,673
In other words, it's conditional.

686
00:34:17,922 --> 00:34:18,967
B must accept the deal,

687
00:34:20,675 --> 00:34:22,078
or neither of you gets a penny.

688
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:23,528
[laughter]

689
00:34:25,594 --> 00:34:26,786
Does it make sense to you?

690
00:34:26,847 --> 00:34:27,787
You understand?

691
00:34:27,848 --> 00:34:28,391
Not complicated.

692
00:34:30,912 --> 00:34:32,105
When you're done, put up your hands.

693
00:34:33,075 --> 00:34:33,984
[chatter]

694
00:34:34,466 --> 00:34:35,690
[Robert] Shh!

695
00:34:43,030 --> 00:34:43,715
Okay, Person A,

696
00:34:45,366 --> 00:34:50,011
I wanna know how much you offered Person B.

697
00:34:51,038 --> 00:34:53,108
So, again, this is only to be answered by As.

698
00:34:56,377 --> 00:34:56,500
Go.

699
00:35:02,049 --> 00:35:04,213
Okay, let's end the bidding there,

700
00:35:04,594 --> 00:35:06,159
and let's take a look and see...

701
00:35:07,575 --> 00:35:10,583
Majority-- vast majority of you were between 10 and 500,

702
00:35:11,726 --> 00:35:13,436
a few of you offered more than 500,

703
00:35:14,743 --> 00:35:18,618
and we've got 15 of you who offered between one and nine

704
00:35:18,899 --> 00:35:20,985
-dollars... -[laughter]

705
00:35:21,185 --> 00:35:24,368
And we've got 11 of you who offered zero.

706
00:35:26,782 --> 00:35:29,974
Now, I would like to talk to somebody who offered

707
00:35:31,078 --> 00:35:32,564
between one dollar and nine dollars.

708
00:35:35,289 --> 00:35:35,471
Okay.

709
00:35:37,251 --> 00:35:38,099
-What's your name?

710
00:35:38,120 --> 00:35:39,170
-Henry.

711
00:35:39,170 --> 00:35:39,532
-Henry.

712
00:35:39,552 --> 00:35:39,895
-[Robert] Henry.

713
00:35:41,172 --> 00:35:42,340
Henry, how much did you offer B?

714
00:35:44,133 --> 00:35:44,958
-A dollar.

715
00:35:44,978 --> 00:35:45,843
-[Robert] A dollar.

716
00:35:45,944 --> 00:35:46,648
[laughter]

717
00:35:50,014 --> 00:35:51,039
-Did you accept the dollar?

718
00:35:51,060 --> 00:35:52,226
-[Sam] I did not.

719
00:35:52,266 --> 00:35:54,295
-[Robert] You did not.

720
00:35:54,315 --> 00:35:54,837
-[laughter]

721
00:35:56,103 --> 00:35:59,514
[Robert] Henry, do you realize you've just forfeited a lot of

722
00:36:00,099 --> 00:36:00,504
money?

723
00:36:01,817 --> 00:36:03,851
Did you expect that...

724
00:36:04,274 --> 00:36:04,677
Your name?

725
00:36:05,321 --> 00:36:05,964
-[Sam] Sam.

726
00:36:05,985 --> 00:36:06,427
-Graham.

727
00:36:06,447 --> 00:36:09,240
Did you expect that Graham would agree?

728
00:36:11,071 --> 00:36:11,661
Hoped.

729
00:36:11,702 --> 00:36:13,371
[Robert] You hoped he would.

730
00:36:14,381 --> 00:36:14,644
[laughter]

731
00:36:14,664 --> 00:36:18,515
The reason I'm asking is we are engaged in a little bit of an

732
00:36:18,876 --> 00:36:19,941
experiment about fairness.

733
00:36:21,629 --> 00:36:24,356
We all carry around, in our heads,

734
00:36:25,860 --> 00:36:27,891
some notion of what is...

735
00:36:29,178 --> 00:36:30,001
quote-unquote "fair."

736
00:36:33,027 --> 00:36:37,792
And as we diagnose what has happened to the economy,

737
00:36:39,123 --> 00:36:41,864
what has happened to inequality, why we're concerned about

738
00:36:42,066 --> 00:36:43,014
inequality, if we are...

739
00:36:44,985 --> 00:36:48,028
our notions of fairness or lack of fairness

740
00:36:49,490 --> 00:36:52,498
become profoundly important.

741
00:36:54,995 --> 00:36:57,009
All right, let me ask a different question.

742
00:36:57,331 --> 00:36:59,002
Those of you who were on the receiving end.

743
00:36:59,667 --> 00:37:00,538
Is there anybody who...

744
00:37:01,085 --> 00:37:02,079
[Robert VO] In the classroom itself,

745
00:37:02,626 --> 00:37:06,017
there's a joy, and a confusion -- simultaneously.

746
00:37:07,341 --> 00:37:09,372
And, in a way, there's some chaos.

747
00:37:11,521 --> 00:37:14,345
But, in a metaphorical way, that chaos is fine.

748
00:37:15,286 --> 00:37:16,092
The world is chaotic.

749
00:37:17,099 --> 00:37:20,031
The material has a chaotic quality to it.

750
00:37:21,397 --> 00:37:25,195
And so, the students, they've got to make sense out of it.

751
00:37:27,214 --> 00:37:29,882
But we are now already halfway through this semester,

752
00:37:30,865 --> 00:37:35,289
and so I've decided not to try to go through as much material

753
00:37:36,056 --> 00:37:37,665
each week,

754
00:37:37,705 --> 00:37:40,379
either in my lecture or in the sections.

755
00:37:42,350 --> 00:37:45,391
I'm trying to be a little bit less ambitious,

756
00:37:45,713 --> 00:37:47,020
because I want the students to have a...

757
00:37:48,549 --> 00:37:51,147
a better shot at understanding everything that is being

758
00:37:51,551 --> 00:37:52,450
presented.

759
00:37:52,470 --> 00:37:53,701
[Robert] Workers' rights.

760
00:37:53,721 --> 00:37:55,975
I was Secretary of Labor, I got very close to this.

761
00:37:56,780 --> 00:37:58,350
[Robert VO] But these are not simple issues.

762
00:37:59,538 --> 00:38:00,919
You know, globalization, globalization,

763
00:38:01,081 --> 00:38:02,076
globalization, globalization.

764
00:38:02,563 --> 00:38:05,308
I mean, rarely has a word gone so directly...

765
00:38:06,670 --> 00:38:09,663
from obscurity to meaninglessness...

766
00:38:11,572 --> 00:38:13,827
without any intervening period of coherence.

767
00:38:15,409 --> 00:38:16,541
You know, there are certain words,

768
00:38:17,411 --> 00:38:21,408
I have found, that are guaranteed to make people either

769
00:38:21,789 --> 00:38:22,616
anxious or bored.

770
00:38:24,605 --> 00:38:26,031
The earned-income tax credit.

771
00:38:26,754 --> 00:38:29,467
Generational wealth transfer.

772
00:38:30,110 --> 00:38:31,447
The Affordable Care Act.

773
00:38:31,467 --> 00:38:32,897
NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Act.

774
00:38:33,260 --> 00:38:35,967
The National Labor Relations Act of 19...

775
00:38:37,932 --> 00:38:38,175
35.

776
00:38:41,648 --> 00:38:43,590
♪lively funky music♪

777
00:38:44,438 --> 00:38:45,473
Stakeholder capitalism.

778
00:38:46,082 --> 00:38:47,257
Shareholder capitalism.

779
00:38:47,378 --> 00:38:48,562
Surveillance capitalism.

780
00:38:48,984 --> 00:38:50,375
The Securities and Exchange Commission!

781
00:38:50,818 --> 00:38:51,987
The Supreme Court.

782
00:38:52,027 --> 00:38:53,273
Texas Department of Community Affairs.

783
00:38:53,614 --> 00:38:54,920
US gross domestic product.

784
00:38:55,302 --> 00:38:56,618
Economies of scale.

785
00:38:58,837 --> 00:38:58,897
♪♪♪

786
00:38:59,139 --> 00:38:59,824
Economic downturn.

787
00:39:00,307 --> 00:39:01,221
Corporate spending.

788
00:39:01,789 --> 00:39:04,514
Symbolic analytic work, which we'll get to in a moment.

789
00:39:04,875 --> 00:39:06,282
I'll describe it in more detail.

790
00:39:07,167 --> 00:39:09,683
[Robert VO] When I'm teaching, I watch their faces;

791
00:39:10,005 --> 00:39:11,433
I am constantly scanning.

792
00:39:12,967 --> 00:39:17,012
And my challenge, as a teacher, is to make it alive,

793
00:39:17,533 --> 00:39:19,062
to make it relevant, to make it exciting,

794
00:39:19,848 --> 00:39:20,724
to...

795
00:39:20,784 --> 00:39:23,409
avoid, you know, sort of the dead-eye,

796
00:39:24,311 --> 00:39:24,776
eyes glazed over.

797
00:39:25,646 --> 00:39:28,594
I'm mixing it up a little bit, in terms of students...

798
00:39:29,618 --> 00:39:31,229
asking them directly some questions.

799
00:39:32,054 --> 00:39:33,181
Who voted against this?

800
00:39:35,823 --> 00:39:36,006
Why?

801
00:39:37,486 --> 00:39:39,286
[woman] I want my piece of the pie.

802
00:39:39,326 --> 00:39:40,808
[Robert] Wait a minute, you want your piece of the pie,

803
00:39:40,828 --> 00:39:43,908
so you're willing to sacrifice the middle and everybody at the

804
00:39:45,195 --> 00:39:45,356
top?

805
00:39:45,336 --> 00:39:45,356
!

806
00:39:45,416 --> 00:39:46,382
All right, I'll give you a better deal.

807
00:39:47,167 --> 00:39:48,670
[woman] Eat the rich!

808
00:39:48,851 --> 00:39:49,853
[laughter]

809
00:39:52,961 --> 00:39:55,050
Sometimes, I am the devil's advocate.

810
00:39:55,613 --> 00:39:58,271
Sometimes, I play act, essentially.

811
00:39:59,096 --> 00:40:00,819
When I put on these glasses...

812
00:40:03,662 --> 00:40:04,065
I'm not me.

813
00:40:05,895 --> 00:40:06,138
I'm...

814
00:40:07,354 --> 00:40:08,481
the person known as Hacksaw Bob.

815
00:40:10,056 --> 00:40:10,445
[laughter]

816
00:40:10,608 --> 00:40:12,600
[Robert VO] Obviously, students need the quantitative and

817
00:40:12,982 --> 00:40:17,559
qualitative data, but they also need to be able to see the

818
00:40:17,921 --> 00:40:19,308
larger picture.

819
00:40:19,408 --> 00:40:22,693
You're concerned about the harshness of this plan.

820
00:40:23,454 --> 00:40:27,441
[woman] Because there's some unfair labor practices involved?

821
00:40:27,541 --> 00:40:30,418
[mockingly] "Unfair labor practices."

822
00:40:31,565 --> 00:40:32,335
Oh, dee-da dee-da.

823
00:40:33,002 --> 00:40:33,907
We're going to...

824
00:40:34,088 --> 00:40:36,163
[Robert VO] This year, everything is maybe a little bit

825
00:40:36,566 --> 00:40:37,090
more profound.

826
00:40:38,594 --> 00:40:40,639
I mean, it sounds odd and it sounds ridiculous,

827
00:40:41,281 --> 00:40:43,291
but I really feel like I'm holding them --

828
00:40:45,079 --> 00:40:46,250
intellectually and emotionally.

829
00:40:46,977 --> 00:40:49,920
I have my arms around them, and I don't know why.

830
00:40:52,399 --> 00:40:55,262
It may be subconsciously because I feel like...

831
00:40:56,904 --> 00:40:57,448
I already miss them.

832
00:41:09,742 --> 00:41:10,969
[soft clanking]

833
00:41:23,207 --> 00:41:24,733
[sets cup on table]

834
00:41:34,128 --> 00:41:36,110
[marker on paper]

835
00:41:36,110 --> 00:41:37,096
Drawing helps me think.

836
00:41:38,654 --> 00:41:41,062
It's another way of...

837
00:41:41,323 --> 00:41:42,473
processing information.

838
00:41:44,618 --> 00:41:48,355
As a kid, because I was always very short for my age,

839
00:41:48,998 --> 00:41:50,403
I was bullied in school.

840
00:41:52,960 --> 00:41:56,516
And so, coming home, I would just sit there at my little

841
00:41:56,998 --> 00:41:58,342
desk...

842
00:41:58,632 --> 00:41:58,854
and draw.

843
00:42:01,468 --> 00:42:04,923
As I've grown up, I've realized that this is kind of therapeutic

844
00:42:05,366 --> 00:42:05,508
for me.

845
00:42:13,313 --> 00:42:14,136
If there are enough people...

846
00:42:15,522 --> 00:42:16,104
who feel bullied.

847
00:42:18,485 --> 00:42:19,699
They...

848
00:42:19,820 --> 00:42:20,623
begin to have power.

849
00:42:22,531 --> 00:42:24,033
[Elliot] Is that what you're drawing here?

850
00:42:24,074 --> 00:42:25,117
[Robert] Yeah, almost unconsciously,

851
00:42:25,699 --> 00:42:27,914
[laughing] that's what I'm drawing.

852
00:42:28,015 --> 00:42:32,700
And so, I don't really think analytically about what I'm

853
00:42:33,041 --> 00:42:34,501
drawing.

854
00:42:35,544 --> 00:42:37,347
It comes from a very different...

855
00:42:39,089 --> 00:42:40,015
place in my mind,

856
00:42:41,425 --> 00:42:43,917
but it bubbles up from what I'm worrying about,

857
00:42:44,219 --> 00:42:45,751
or thinking about, or angry about,

858
00:42:46,033 --> 00:42:46,697
or outraged about.

859
00:42:51,159 --> 00:42:54,334
♪pensive jazz music♪

860
00:42:54,414 --> 00:42:56,398
I think there's so much distrust in

861
00:42:58,061 --> 00:43:01,328
the air we breathe and the culture we inhabit.

862
00:43:03,006 --> 00:43:06,022
50 years, 100 years from now, looking back on this era we are

863
00:43:06,283 --> 00:43:09,294
in, it may be the historians say,

864
00:43:10,198 --> 00:43:13,095
"Power and money -- the lust for both --

865
00:43:13,457 --> 00:43:14,868
pulled society apart.

866
00:43:15,876 --> 00:43:18,158
There was just too much -- too much temptation,

867
00:43:18,420 --> 00:43:19,990
too much power, too much money."

868
00:43:22,736 --> 00:43:26,241
Maybe, sometimes I think that that's the problem.

869
00:43:27,382 --> 00:43:27,522
♪♪♪

870
00:43:33,227 --> 00:43:36,993
But the larger question I ponder a lot is:

871
00:43:37,314 --> 00:43:39,132
"Who are the teachers today?

872
00:43:39,233 --> 00:43:40,568
Who are the teachers of society?

873
00:43:41,276 --> 00:43:41,758
Of America?

874
00:43:41,858 --> 00:43:42,300
Of the world?

875
00:43:44,113 --> 00:43:45,320
Who is conveying the lessons?

876
00:43:45,823 --> 00:43:48,170
Who is making sense -- or trying to make sense --

877
00:43:48,992 --> 00:43:49,817
of the common experiences?

878
00:43:51,286 --> 00:43:54,634
Are there people around who are interpreting what we have

879
00:43:54,915 --> 00:43:55,357
learned?"

880
00:43:56,917 --> 00:43:57,660
I'm not sure there are.

881
00:43:59,288 --> 00:44:00,421
And that worries me.

882
00:44:03,924 --> 00:44:06,793
I really do feel that, with any challenge we face,

883
00:44:07,636 --> 00:44:09,787
if people understand it... [chuckles]

884
00:44:09,847 --> 00:44:12,177
we have a very good chance of dealing with it,

885
00:44:12,639 --> 00:44:14,329
coping with it, rising to the occasion.

886
00:44:15,455 --> 00:44:18,530
But if there's a cacophony of contradictory voices --

887
00:44:19,434 --> 00:44:20,818
some of whom are...

888
00:44:22,542 --> 00:44:25,187
intentionally doing the opposite of teaching,

889
00:44:26,530 --> 00:44:26,771
giving...

890
00:44:28,238 --> 00:44:31,312
lies, misinformation, misleading people --

891
00:44:33,918 --> 00:44:34,143
how...

892
00:44:34,424 --> 00:44:35,911
how can the country learn?

893
00:44:40,882 --> 00:44:41,623
♪♪♪

894
00:44:45,640 --> 00:44:46,524
[bird caws]

895
00:44:49,469 --> 00:44:51,499
But I do have a sense of the future.

896
00:44:52,890 --> 00:44:55,406
One of the last stages of life, Erik Erikson,

897
00:44:55,809 --> 00:44:58,082
the psychologist, calls it the "generative stage,"

898
00:44:58,645 --> 00:44:59,753
where you are giving of yourself.

899
00:45:01,063 --> 00:45:02,803
You're no longer worried about your career,

900
00:45:03,066 --> 00:45:04,345
you're no longer trying to build this,

901
00:45:04,568 --> 00:45:05,758
you're no longer...

902
00:45:06,119 --> 00:45:08,682
You're now purely trying to leave...

903
00:45:10,574 --> 00:45:13,050
people with something, not so that they remember you,

904
00:45:13,493 --> 00:45:15,948
but so that they can have something of you,

905
00:45:16,330 --> 00:45:16,896
by you, from you.

906
00:45:18,665 --> 00:45:21,733
And, at its best, teaching is all about...

907
00:45:23,301 --> 00:45:23,868
giving.

908
00:45:24,671 --> 00:45:28,018
And if you are lucky, as I am, the students take it,

909
00:45:28,298 --> 00:45:29,532
and they run with it.

910
00:45:31,386 --> 00:45:34,042
So you're not letting go, you're launching.

911
00:45:49,863 --> 00:45:52,226
This is called a "mess," in academic terms.

912
00:45:53,804 --> 00:45:55,766
There is more junk...

913
00:45:55,786 --> 00:45:56,774
accumulated in this office.

914
00:46:01,513 --> 00:46:01,855
[humming softly]

915
00:46:01,875 --> 00:46:03,905
This is my last week of teaching.

916
00:46:05,963 --> 00:46:07,626
They tell me I've gotta get out of here;

917
00:46:08,548 --> 00:46:09,236
the cleaners are coming.

918
00:46:10,550 --> 00:46:13,886
Now, in my 17 years here, they've never had cleaners.

919
00:46:14,429 --> 00:46:15,153
"The cleaners are coming!"

920
00:46:15,575 --> 00:46:16,556
You know, it's like...

921
00:46:16,556 --> 00:46:18,462
they will have to disinfect the room?

922
00:46:20,227 --> 00:46:21,856
I'm trying to put these little tabs...

923
00:46:23,063 --> 00:46:24,370
on things that I would like to save.

924
00:46:26,566 --> 00:46:28,013
This is just memories!

925
00:46:28,817 --> 00:46:29,949
And you can't just throw them out.

926
00:46:30,757 --> 00:46:33,478
It's like putting a pet down or saying goodbye to an old friend;

927
00:46:33,760 --> 00:46:35,117
you don't wanna do that.

928
00:46:35,258 --> 00:46:36,165
Ch-ch-ch-ch...

929
00:46:36,326 --> 00:46:38,513
On the other hand, there must be 300 books here.

930
00:46:39,496 --> 00:46:42,470
I can't possibly take this; there's no place;

931
00:46:42,791 --> 00:46:43,194
I have no room!

932
00:46:44,793 --> 00:46:47,217
I called the White House this morning -- the switchboard.

933
00:46:47,838 --> 00:46:49,642
I said, "I have a Cabinet chair I'd like to return."

934
00:46:50,424 --> 00:46:52,288
She said, "You wanna talk to somebody in the Cabinet?"

935
00:46:52,529 --> 00:46:53,923
I said, "No, I was in the Cabinet.

936
00:46:54,469 --> 00:46:56,114
I wanna return a Cabinet chair."

937
00:46:56,596 --> 00:46:57,962
"You wanna recycle something?"

938
00:46:58,765 --> 00:46:59,432
They didn't understand.

939
00:47:00,684 --> 00:47:03,489
I can't sell it on eBay; that would just be undignified.

940
00:47:04,771 --> 00:47:07,764
And so, I guess the White House doesn't have a answer for

941
00:47:08,025 --> 00:47:09,469
somebody who wants to return a Cabinet chair.

942
00:47:10,672 --> 00:47:11,122
Disinfecting.

943
00:47:11,695 --> 00:47:13,266
You know, it's like I have a...

944
00:47:13,507 --> 00:47:17,831
It's like I've infected this place by just being here for...

945
00:47:19,786 --> 00:47:20,609
Lord knows how many years.

946
00:47:22,789 --> 00:47:24,254
On the other hand, there's a lot of good feeling.

947
00:47:25,792 --> 00:47:27,322
You know, this is closing a chapter;

948
00:47:28,128 --> 00:47:30,111
I don't regard this as...

949
00:47:30,172 --> 00:47:30,494
as the end.

950
00:47:35,135 --> 00:47:36,541
This evening, there is a party.

951
00:47:38,825 --> 00:47:40,793
I don't know anything about the party,

952
00:47:40,974 --> 00:47:43,186
I just know that I've been invited to a party in honor of

953
00:47:44,373 --> 00:47:45,381
me, whatever that means.

954
00:47:47,647 --> 00:47:51,611
I had requested that my former teaching assistants be invited.

955
00:47:53,235 --> 00:47:53,881
And, um...

956
00:47:58,700 --> 00:48:00,585
I don't know how I'm gonna feel.

957
00:48:03,249 --> 00:48:06,493
♪band playing smooth funky music♪

958
00:48:18,047 --> 00:48:19,556
[man] Yes, yes, yes!

959
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:20,585
Thank you.

960
00:48:22,552 --> 00:48:23,034
[chatter]

961
00:48:26,686 --> 00:48:27,475
-Hello, Krista.

962
00:48:27,496 --> 00:48:28,507
-[Krista] Hello.

963
00:48:30,403 --> 00:48:31,631
It's great seeing you.

964
00:48:31,691 --> 00:48:32,996
-Thank you for coming.

965
00:48:33,017 --> 00:48:33,820
-Lovely to see you.

966
00:48:34,297 --> 00:48:35,043
Thank you.

967
00:48:35,124 --> 00:48:35,790
Turn this way?

968
00:48:36,817 --> 00:48:37,683
Thank you.

969
00:48:37,864 --> 00:48:39,176
[Robert VO] 42 years ago, when I started,

970
00:48:40,387 --> 00:48:41,920
I walked into my first classroom,

971
00:48:42,202 --> 00:48:45,771
and, at some level of my subconsciousness,

972
00:48:46,373 --> 00:48:47,897
I knew that this was my calling.

973
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:50,023
This is my...

974
00:48:50,043 --> 00:48:51,477
one of my first teaching assistants.

975
00:48:52,489 --> 00:48:53,179
Oh, wow!

976
00:48:53,422 --> 00:48:55,192
-[laughter] -Oh, I'm so glad you're here.

977
00:48:56,258 --> 00:48:58,479
[Robert VO] It sounds a little bit silly for me to say,

978
00:48:58,802 --> 00:49:02,314
as I think about saying it, but 42 years doesn't feel that long.

979
00:49:03,056 --> 00:49:04,876
[Robert] You were my student...

980
00:49:05,159 --> 00:49:06,394
at the Kennedy School.

981
00:49:06,435 --> 00:49:07,223
[man] Your last semester there!

982
00:49:07,769 --> 00:49:08,537
My last semester there.

983
00:49:09,729 --> 00:49:11,982
We graduated 10 years ago, can you believe it?

984
00:49:11,982 --> 00:49:13,290
-[Robert] 10 years ago?

985
00:49:13,310 --> 00:49:13,733
-Yeah.

986
00:49:13,753 --> 00:49:15,167
So that was in 20...

987
00:49:15,733 --> 00:49:16,665
What was it?

988
00:49:17,231 --> 00:49:17,874
-[man] 1992.

989
00:49:17,894 --> 00:49:18,356
-'92.

990
00:49:18,738 --> 00:49:19,761
-[man] When you left, yeah.

991
00:49:19,781 --> 00:49:20,804
-When I left.

992
00:49:20,945 --> 00:49:21,772
[man] [indistinct].

993
00:49:22,075 --> 00:49:25,241
Several of my students from the Kennedy School from the '90s and

994
00:49:25,662 --> 00:49:26,929
-'80s are here.

995
00:49:26,949 --> 00:49:28,377
-[woman] Oh, my God!

996
00:49:29,985 --> 00:49:30,292
[laughs]

997
00:49:30,493 --> 00:49:31,964
[Robert] I mean, talk about heavy.

998
00:49:32,126 --> 00:49:33,404
[woman laughs]

999
00:49:33,708 --> 00:49:36,828
[Robert VO] I think some of us are fortunate enough...

1000
00:49:37,090 --> 00:49:40,428
to be doing things that feel right in a very, very

1001
00:49:41,011 --> 00:49:41,517
profound way.

1002
00:49:43,884 --> 00:49:45,592
And so, I'm retiring from teaching,

1003
00:49:47,100 --> 00:49:49,675
but I will continue -- as long as I'm able --

1004
00:49:49,936 --> 00:49:50,543
to be an educator.

1005
00:49:52,729 --> 00:49:53,578
[man] Oh, this is great!

1006
00:49:53,598 --> 00:49:54,568
Now hold that!

1007
00:49:55,699 --> 00:49:55,861
Yes!

1008
00:49:55,942 --> 00:49:57,096
[Robert VO] This is not "Poor me,

1009
00:49:57,319 --> 00:49:58,783
I'm ending my teaching career."

1010
00:49:59,946 --> 00:50:02,416
I'm not gonna sit on a front porch and collect social

1011
00:50:02,657 --> 00:50:03,023
security!

1012
00:50:04,951 --> 00:50:07,757
Teaching -- regardless of whether it's a big enterprise in

1013
00:50:08,038 --> 00:50:08,524
the classroom,

1014
00:50:09,476 --> 00:50:12,869
or anything else I do after I end my teaching career --

1015
00:50:14,334 --> 00:50:16,725
it's the same fundamental process:

1016
00:50:20,728 --> 00:50:21,973
one is engaged in...

1017
00:50:25,138 --> 00:50:25,964
thinking with others.

1018
00:50:29,142 --> 00:50:29,765
A good teacher...

1019
00:50:32,145 --> 00:50:35,011
instills both curiosity...

1020
00:50:37,150 --> 00:50:38,077
and critical thinking.

1021
00:50:41,488 --> 00:50:42,922
And this is the connection to democracy.

1022
00:50:45,492 --> 00:50:47,946
[Robert] "The arc of the moral universe is long,

1023
00:50:48,328 --> 00:50:49,478
but it bends toward justice."

1024
00:50:51,164 --> 00:50:53,278
That's what Martin Luther King Jr. told us.

1025
00:50:58,088 --> 00:50:58,835
It's not that simple.

1026
00:51:00,067 --> 00:51:00,471
[laughter]

1027
00:51:02,509 --> 00:51:04,318
As I think I've shared with many of you,

1028
00:51:05,845 --> 00:51:10,001
my introduction to much of what we've been talking about this

1029
00:51:10,724 --> 00:51:14,788
semester happened when I was a freshman in college,

1030
00:51:16,690 --> 00:51:19,373
and one of the young men

1031
00:51:20,876 --> 00:51:24,390
who had been my protector when I was about eight years old --

1032
00:51:25,615 --> 00:51:27,572
although I had lost track of him for years --

1033
00:51:28,076 --> 00:51:31,082
I discovered that he had been registering voters

1034
00:51:32,706 --> 00:51:34,360
in Mississippi...

1035
00:51:34,661 --> 00:51:35,003
in 1964.

1036
00:51:38,420 --> 00:51:40,011
And the Ku Klux Klan...

1037
00:51:41,818 --> 00:51:44,583
and the Sheriff of Neshoba County, Mississippi...

1038
00:51:47,971 --> 00:51:51,647
didn't want Black people registered to vote.

1039
00:51:54,581 --> 00:51:59,526
And so, my protector when I was a much younger kid,

1040
00:52:00,817 --> 00:52:01,383
Michael Schwerner --

1041
00:52:02,777 --> 00:52:04,441
along with two other civil rights workers --

1042
00:52:06,967 --> 00:52:07,331
they were...

1043
00:52:10,910 --> 00:52:11,756
tortured and murdered.

1044
00:52:14,331 --> 00:52:17,001
And when I found out that the person who had protected me

1045
00:52:18,688 --> 00:52:19,194
from the bullies...

1046
00:52:21,254 --> 00:52:21,556
had been...

1047
00:52:23,423 --> 00:52:24,632
killed by the real bullies,

1048
00:52:27,677 --> 00:52:29,428
it changed my life,

1049
00:52:29,971 --> 00:52:31,102
because I...

1050
00:52:31,264 --> 00:52:32,475
I began to see bullying...

1051
00:52:34,809 --> 00:52:35,231
all around.

1052
00:52:38,438 --> 00:52:39,222
Economic bullying...

1053
00:52:41,316 --> 00:52:42,724
racial bullying, ethnic bullying,

1054
00:52:43,026 --> 00:52:43,329
the bullying...

1055
00:52:44,944 --> 00:52:46,478
of anybody who's different, who's other,

1056
00:52:46,821 --> 00:52:48,606
who doesn't have the power.

1057
00:52:57,540 --> 00:53:00,556
But these movements -- the movement against racism...

1058
00:53:01,501 --> 00:53:04,616
[Robert VO] Over the years, I've learned democracy requires

1059
00:53:05,340 --> 00:53:05,641
engagement.

1060
00:53:07,507 --> 00:53:09,079
It requires participation.

1061
00:53:11,304 --> 00:53:13,618
If we take the idea of self-government seriously...

1062
00:53:16,226 --> 00:53:18,591
it is about taking responsibility.

1063
00:53:20,647 --> 00:53:23,239
Taking responsibility for what you believe,

1064
00:53:24,003 --> 00:53:25,529
your views, your...

1065
00:53:26,653 --> 00:53:27,155
citizenship.

1066
00:53:28,405 --> 00:53:30,700
And that is what teaching is all about,

1067
00:53:31,324 --> 00:53:34,096
what learning is all about: it's taking responsibility.

1068
00:53:35,328 --> 00:53:37,055
Democracy is not a spectator sport.

1069
00:53:37,497 --> 00:53:38,970
Learning is not a spectator sport.

1070
00:53:40,333 --> 00:53:40,796
It's active!

1071
00:53:42,711 --> 00:53:44,848
[Robert] The thing that's so important to understand is that

1072
00:53:45,171 --> 00:53:46,382
these fights don't end.

1073
00:53:49,843 --> 00:53:51,899
There is no point where you can relax and say,

1074
00:53:52,262 --> 00:53:52,543
"Oh, yes!

1075
00:53:54,097 --> 00:53:58,297
The gap between our ideal and reality has already been

1076
00:53:58,518 --> 00:53:58,799
overcome."

1077
00:54:02,562 --> 00:54:05,973
And so, to make changes -- to make the world better --

1078
00:54:07,277 --> 00:54:08,262
we need leadership!

1079
00:54:12,115 --> 00:54:14,659
But let me be very clear, because I have spent...

1080
00:54:18,288 --> 00:54:19,691
over 60 years...

1081
00:54:21,916 --> 00:54:24,783
with people who were leaders -- some of them formal leaders,

1082
00:54:25,044 --> 00:54:26,334
some of them informal leaders --

1083
00:54:27,984 --> 00:54:29,575
they were not born that way.

1084
00:54:32,218 --> 00:54:34,128
There is not a leadership gene.

1085
00:54:37,724 --> 00:54:38,988
There are not natural-born leaders.

1086
00:54:41,311 --> 00:54:43,320
Leadership comes from...

1087
00:54:44,606 --> 00:54:44,948
somewhere else.

1088
00:54:47,233 --> 00:54:48,440
[Robert VO] In my formal education,

1089
00:54:48,902 --> 00:54:49,806
I was blessed.

1090
00:54:51,112 --> 00:54:54,559
I went to a tiny public grade school and high school,

1091
00:54:55,742 --> 00:54:59,586
and many of my teachers were very, very dedicated.

1092
00:55:00,954 --> 00:55:03,268
They were curious, and funny, and...

1093
00:55:04,374 --> 00:55:05,960
thoughtful.

1094
00:55:05,980 --> 00:55:08,072
And they gave everything of themselves.

1095
00:55:10,924 --> 00:55:13,144
[Robert] And then, there's also the leadership myth that you

1096
00:55:13,426 --> 00:55:15,051
have to have formal authority.

1097
00:55:16,135 --> 00:55:19,672
You've got to be a president, or you've got to be a member of

1098
00:55:19,933 --> 00:55:23,791
Congress, or whatever drapes you in authority.

1099
00:55:24,354 --> 00:55:25,565
Well...

1100
00:55:25,605 --> 00:55:26,109
stop right there.

1101
00:55:28,858 --> 00:55:31,011
Some of the most...

1102
00:55:31,152 --> 00:55:33,998
important leaders in world history...

1103
00:55:37,784 --> 00:55:40,732
have had no formal authority at all.

1104
00:55:45,792 --> 00:55:48,360
Mahatma Gandhi comes to mind immediately.

1105
00:55:51,172 --> 00:55:51,857
Martin Luther King...

1106
00:55:52,340 --> 00:55:54,409
[Robert VO] When I think back, I was a very insecure,

1107
00:55:55,635 --> 00:55:57,738
quiet, intimidated...

1108
00:55:59,180 --> 00:55:59,623
little boy.

1109
00:56:04,018 --> 00:56:04,964
And some of those teachers...

1110
00:56:09,649 --> 00:56:12,041
reassured me that I was...

1111
00:56:13,820 --> 00:56:15,124
not a freak,

1112
00:56:18,908 --> 00:56:21,597
that despite my height and despite my...

1113
00:56:23,243 --> 00:56:23,788
you know, being...

1114
00:56:25,999 --> 00:56:27,489
a klutz in sports,

1115
00:56:28,918 --> 00:56:31,023
that I was not wrong,

1116
00:56:34,048 --> 00:56:34,491
or weird.

1117
00:56:39,345 --> 00:56:42,958
They enabled me to accept myself.

1118
00:56:46,601 --> 00:56:48,982
[Robert] The purpose of this class...

1119
00:56:49,022 --> 00:56:53,466
is to both face the reality that we have been talking about

1120
00:56:54,569 --> 00:56:54,955
this semester --

1121
00:56:57,091 --> 00:56:59,827
the realities of widening inequality of income...

1122
00:57:01,761 --> 00:57:01,982
and wealth.

1123
00:57:04,037 --> 00:57:07,226
But do it in a way that reality needs to be faced --

1124
00:57:07,707 --> 00:57:11,058
that is, not with great fear, not with negativism,

1125
00:57:11,419 --> 00:57:13,802
not with a sense of defeatism...

1126
00:57:15,632 --> 00:57:17,688
but, really, with a sense of optimism,

1127
00:57:18,635 --> 00:57:19,158
inspiration,

1128
00:57:21,240 --> 00:57:21,562
commitment.

1129
00:57:24,474 --> 00:57:25,576
And so, I want you to remember:

1130
00:57:27,560 --> 00:57:31,045
A true leader helps people overcome

1131
00:57:32,106 --> 00:57:32,489
cynicism,

1132
00:57:33,983 --> 00:57:35,146
and do the hard work

1133
00:57:36,089 --> 00:57:38,355
of making positive social change.

1134
00:57:42,075 --> 00:57:44,583
And so, as I've suggested to you this semester,

1135
00:57:45,827 --> 00:57:47,336
hopefully at least some of you...

1136
00:57:49,622 --> 00:57:52,314
are going to devote some of your attention...

1137
00:57:53,962 --> 00:57:56,742
and some of your time...

1138
00:57:56,923 --> 00:57:58,007
and some of your life...

1139
00:58:00,301 --> 00:58:00,722
to making...

1140
00:58:02,428 --> 00:58:03,153
the world better.

1141
00:58:06,015 --> 00:58:07,527
I believe in your capacities.

1142
00:58:11,104 --> 00:58:13,687
I believe in your commitment.

1143
00:58:18,444 --> 00:58:18,926
I believe in you.

1144
00:58:23,926 --> 00:58:26,232
[Robert VO] Tomorrow is my last class.

1145
00:58:28,162 --> 00:58:28,768
But, let's face it:

1146
00:58:29,475 --> 00:58:32,896
A teacher only has a certain amount of time with students,

1147
00:58:33,479 --> 00:58:34,144
and then, they go.

1148
00:58:37,754 --> 00:58:40,068
And so, tomorrow, at the end of class,

1149
00:58:41,175 --> 00:58:42,677
there will be...

1150
00:58:42,677 --> 00:58:42,999
these guys,

1151
00:58:44,804 --> 00:58:45,145
who will leave,

1152
00:58:47,849 --> 00:58:48,534
go on with their lives.

1153
00:58:51,853 --> 00:58:54,114
[Elliot] When we first started talking to you on the eve of the

1154
00:58:54,397 --> 00:58:57,444
first class, and now, here we are at the final one,

1155
00:58:59,068 --> 00:59:01,914
do you have a sense as far as thinking about tomorrow?

1156
00:59:04,798 --> 00:59:06,920
♪tender light jazz♪

1157
00:59:27,889 --> 00:59:31,818
I had my regular doctor's appointment last week and I...

1158
00:59:32,018 --> 00:59:33,543
My doctor is...

1159
00:59:35,188 --> 00:59:39,077
young, and she's not that much older than many of my graduate

1160
00:59:39,378 --> 00:59:40,723
students, my teaching assistants.

1161
00:59:42,028 --> 00:59:43,346
And, at the end of the appointment,

1162
00:59:43,529 --> 00:59:45,459
she, um-- she looked at me and she said,

1163
00:59:45,760 --> 00:59:46,599
"Is everything fine?

1164
00:59:46,783 --> 00:59:47,634
Everything good in your life?

1165
00:59:48,282 --> 00:59:49,535
Everything..." [chuckles]

1166
00:59:50,045 --> 00:59:50,269
And I...

1167
00:59:50,493 --> 00:59:52,137
And I said, "Yes, I'm-- I'm retiring!

1168
00:59:52,538 --> 00:59:53,663
In fact, this is my last week."

1169
00:59:55,249 --> 00:59:57,241
And she said, uh, "Well, congratulations!

1170
00:59:57,543 --> 00:59:59,213
How does it feel?"

1171
00:59:59,273 --> 00:59:59,860
I just...

1172
01:00:01,714 --> 01:00:02,279
I started crying.

1173
01:00:03,883 --> 01:00:04,496
I was embarrassed.

1174
01:00:05,106 --> 01:00:06,057
[laughs] I mean...

1175
01:00:07,136 --> 01:00:07,358
Poor...

1176
01:00:10,139 --> 01:00:11,764
young woman, she didn't know what to do.

1177
01:00:12,489 --> 01:00:13,625
I mean, she...

1178
01:00:13,726 --> 01:00:14,412
she was very kind.

1179
01:00:16,229 --> 01:00:18,009
She put her hand on my arm and she said,

1180
01:00:18,413 --> 01:00:18,976
"I understand."

1181
01:00:19,398 --> 01:00:20,603
Well, she didn't understand; she's only,

1182
01:00:21,748 --> 01:00:22,754
you know, 34 years old.

1183
01:00:24,685 --> 01:00:24,885
♪♪♪

1184
01:00:42,421 --> 01:00:45,724
Quite honestly, the feelings about retiring -- about no

1185
01:00:45,925 --> 01:00:48,694
longer teaching, about no longer having my students,

1186
01:00:49,135 --> 01:00:52,008
my classes -- are closely aligned...

1187
01:00:53,494 --> 01:00:55,637
to feelings that come with being...

1188
01:00:57,019 --> 01:00:57,605
an older person.

1189
01:01:01,023 --> 01:01:04,129
Unlike the first 10 or 20 or 30 years of your life,

1190
01:01:05,111 --> 01:01:07,048
where it's all gain -- or, if you're lucky,

1191
01:01:07,633 --> 01:01:09,003
you're just-- you're growing --

1192
01:01:11,467 --> 01:01:14,277
the last 10 or 20 years are about...

1193
01:01:15,621 --> 01:01:18,490
accommodating what is obviously an ending.

1194
01:01:22,503 --> 01:01:26,835
And so, retiring from teaching -- ending my teaching career

1195
01:01:27,216 --> 01:01:28,827
that has been so critically...

1196
01:01:30,136 --> 01:01:32,490
important to me, a calling for me --

1197
01:01:39,312 --> 01:01:39,914
is a real loss.

1198
01:01:44,831 --> 01:01:44,891
♪♪♪

1199
01:02:04,670 --> 01:02:05,500
-[Nicki] How are you feeling?

1200
01:02:05,521 --> 01:02:06,027
-[Robert] Good!

1201
01:02:06,310 --> 01:02:06,613
Yeah?

1202
01:02:06,714 --> 01:02:07,951
[Robert, chuckling] You look worried.

1203
01:02:08,174 --> 01:02:09,447
No, it's just your last one!

1204
01:02:09,651 --> 01:02:10,551
[Robert] I know...

1205
01:02:10,591 --> 01:02:11,942
Do you need anything?

1206
01:02:13,512 --> 01:02:15,014
[Sasha] For you, Bob.

1207
01:02:15,014 --> 01:02:15,940
The final donning of...

1208
01:02:17,350 --> 01:02:19,237
-The final... -[Sasha] Your speaker.

1209
01:02:20,957 --> 01:02:23,343
Good afternoon, Wealth and Poverty!

1210
01:02:23,564 --> 01:02:25,713
This is our final class; you've made it!

1211
01:02:26,275 --> 01:02:27,419
Congratulations!

1212
01:02:29,400 --> 01:02:29,542
Woo!

1213
01:02:30,292 --> 01:02:32,463
This is great opportunity to move into the middle of your

1214
01:02:33,187 --> 01:02:33,771
row.

1215
01:02:34,153 --> 01:02:34,937
♪Come♪

1216
01:02:36,342 --> 01:02:39,506
♪And talk about the things we did today♪

1217
01:02:41,616 --> 01:02:42,241
♪Here♪

1218
01:02:43,933 --> 01:02:47,203
♪And laugh about our funny little ways♪

1219
01:02:49,448 --> 01:02:53,492
♪While we have a few minutes to breathe♪

1220
01:02:53,833 --> 01:02:57,590
♪Then I know that it's time you must leave...♪

1221
01:02:59,934 --> 01:03:01,839
[Robert VO] You know, as I think about my students,

1222
01:03:03,102 --> 01:03:04,170
they are in transition --

1223
01:03:05,519 --> 01:03:07,027
most of them 21, 22 years old.

1224
01:03:09,318 --> 01:03:11,611
Do you remember how you felt at the age of 21, 22?

1225
01:03:13,301 --> 01:03:15,227
[chuckling] I mean...

1226
01:03:15,770 --> 01:03:15,931
♪♪♪

1227
01:03:19,452 --> 01:03:21,960
For them, it's not ending, it's beginning,

1228
01:03:23,706 --> 01:03:25,405
and this is the connection, really,

1229
01:03:25,668 --> 01:03:26,991
between teachers and students.

1230
01:03:29,088 --> 01:03:30,395
It's about the passage of time,

1231
01:03:32,546 --> 01:03:33,430
and, at a deeper level,

1232
01:03:35,136 --> 01:03:36,061
the arc of one's life.

1233
01:03:40,579 --> 01:03:44,603
♪And I see that the time spent confused♪

1234
01:03:44,623 --> 01:03:47,766
♪Was the time that I'd spent without you♪

1235
01:03:50,469 --> 01:03:53,932
♪And I feel myself in bloom♪

1236
01:03:58,159 --> 01:04:00,828
♪So, darling, be home soon♪

1237
01:04:01,349 --> 01:04:05,172
♪I couldn't bear to wait an extra minute if you dawdled♪

1238
01:04:06,914 --> 01:04:08,380
♪My darling, be home soon♪

1239
01:04:10,911 --> 01:04:12,162
♪It's not just these few hours♪

1240
01:04:12,626 --> 01:04:15,154
♪But I've been waiting since I toddled♪

1241
01:04:16,357 --> 01:04:19,821
♪For the great relief of having you to talk to♪

1242
01:04:21,707 --> 01:04:23,329
[cheers and applause]

1243
01:04:35,431 --> 01:04:35,571
♪♪♪

1244
01:04:43,472 --> 01:04:44,075
♪So, darling♪

1245
01:04:45,851 --> 01:04:49,083
♪My darling, be home soon♪

1246
01:04:50,146 --> 01:04:54,089
♪I couldn't bear to wait an extra minute if you dawdled♪

1247
01:04:56,196 --> 01:04:59,185
♪My darling, be home soon♪

1248
01:04:59,547 --> 01:05:01,101
♪It's not just these few hours♪

1249
01:05:01,643 --> 01:05:04,653
♪But I've been waiting since I toddled♪

1250
01:05:05,035 --> 01:05:07,615
♪For the great relief of having you...♪

1251
01:05:07,957 --> 01:05:09,261
[Elliot] Bob, it's okay if we film you doing this?

1252
01:05:10,584 --> 01:05:11,690
[Robert] Of course!

1253
01:05:11,891 --> 01:05:13,904
I've, uh, been filmed a few times before.

1254
01:05:16,862 --> 01:05:20,373
[man VO] From CBS News Washington...

1255
01:05:20,533 --> 01:05:23,025
a spontaneous and unrehearsed news interview

1256
01:05:23,909 --> 01:05:25,040
on Face the Nation.

1257
01:05:26,872 --> 01:05:30,178
With Robert Reich, who teaches business and public policy at

1258
01:05:30,418 --> 01:05:33,009
Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

1259
01:05:33,712 --> 01:05:35,347
Joining us now, live in our Boston bureau,

1260
01:05:35,589 --> 01:05:36,345
is Robert Reich.

1261
01:05:36,630 --> 01:05:38,092
[woman] From Boston, Robert Reich.

1262
01:05:38,092 --> 01:05:40,045
[man] Professor Robert Reich, the Harvard economist.

1263
01:05:40,428 --> 01:05:44,066
Robert Reich, whose book, 'The Next American Frontier,'

1264
01:05:44,890 --> 01:05:47,923
has engaged the attention of a number of Democrats looking for

1265
01:05:48,184 --> 01:05:49,307
interesting things to say.

1266
01:05:50,229 --> 01:05:53,067
The question you have to ask is what the rules of the game

1267
01:05:53,107 --> 01:05:53,473
ought to be.

1268
01:05:53,899 --> 01:05:58,032
We are now facing a circumstance in which the old ways of doing

1269
01:05:58,412 --> 01:06:01,537
things simply will not maintain our standard of living,

1270
01:06:01,657 --> 01:06:03,612
and the choice before us, I think, is very stark.

1271
01:06:04,357 --> 01:06:06,744
♪lively funky music♪

1272
01:06:08,330 --> 01:06:09,165
[Robert VO] Good morning!

1273
01:06:09,165 --> 01:06:12,190
It's a new day, a new year, and a new future!

1274
01:06:12,751 --> 01:06:13,593
Here we are in 1989.

1275
01:06:15,397 --> 01:06:18,154
I'm talking about issues and concerns that most Americans

1276
01:06:18,215 --> 01:06:18,499
have:

1277
01:06:19,008 --> 01:06:21,236
the quality of education, the quality of the environment,

1278
01:06:21,717 --> 01:06:22,968
rebuilding the infrastructure...

1279
01:06:24,553 --> 01:06:27,139
[Larry VO] In steps Secretary of Labor Robert Reich.

1280
01:06:27,600 --> 01:06:29,501
The plan revealed by the President when he addresses

1281
01:06:29,622 --> 01:06:32,984
Congress next Wednesday will have this man's fingerprints all

1282
01:06:33,105 --> 01:06:33,390
over it.

1283
01:06:33,939 --> 01:06:35,927
This plan gets control over that budget deficit.

1284
01:06:36,128 --> 01:06:38,288
Becoming lean and mean, getting down to the bone.

1285
01:06:38,611 --> 01:06:41,246
Investing in the future, with regard to education and training

1286
01:06:41,447 --> 01:06:42,303
and infrastructure.

1287
01:06:42,364 --> 01:06:44,418
Roads, bridges, all the things that American business needs.

1288
01:06:44,700 --> 01:06:46,579
Everybody in Washington is a little bit itchy because

1289
01:06:46,660 --> 01:06:49,208
Washington doesn't like change, but the public out there seems

1290
01:06:49,308 --> 01:06:50,273
to be very happy, indeed.

1291
01:06:51,016 --> 01:06:51,237
♪♪♪

1292
01:06:55,669 --> 01:06:56,816
People talk about government being too...

1293
01:06:57,379 --> 01:06:57,864
-too big.

1294
01:06:57,884 --> 01:06:58,268
-[Jay] Mm-hm.

1295
01:06:58,671 --> 01:06:59,134
I ask you:

1296
01:06:59,798 --> 01:07:00,769
Do I look like Big Government?

1297
01:07:01,193 --> 01:07:01,856
[laughter and applause]

1298
01:07:02,801 --> 01:07:03,486
Is this Big Government?

1299
01:07:03,969 --> 01:07:06,358
You will hear members of Congress talk about making

1300
01:07:06,639 --> 01:07:09,747
government smaller, and more efficient.

1301
01:07:10,329 --> 01:07:15,194
I defy anybody -- anybody -- to find a smaller and more

1302
01:07:15,564 --> 01:07:17,368
efficient labor secretary than me.

1303
01:07:18,190 --> 01:07:19,215
[laughter and applause]

1304
01:07:19,235 --> 01:07:20,230
In the interest of full disclosure,

1305
01:07:20,839 --> 01:07:22,437
I am not taller than Cheryl Tiegs.

1306
01:07:23,124 --> 01:07:23,648
[laughter]

1307
01:07:24,031 --> 01:07:25,301
[laughing] Ah, the secret!

1308
01:07:25,906 --> 01:07:27,734
I keep telling him he should be a male model.

1309
01:07:28,257 --> 01:07:29,005
[laughter]

1310
01:07:29,529 --> 01:07:29,630
♪♪♪

1311
01:07:32,766 --> 01:07:33,999
[Robert VO] The economy is good.

1312
01:07:33,999 --> 01:07:37,443
The one unfinished agenda is the very, very

1313
01:07:37,543 --> 01:07:39,541
wide inequality we have in this country.

1314
01:07:40,005 --> 01:07:41,854
A widening gap between the rich and poor.

1315
01:07:42,216 --> 01:07:44,477
A wide gulf between people at the top and everybody else.

1316
01:07:44,800 --> 01:07:46,250
Rich are getting richer, the poor are getting poorer.

1317
01:07:46,512 --> 01:07:49,610
The wage issue is something this whole society

1318
01:07:49,932 --> 01:07:50,759
has got to focus on.

1319
01:07:51,183 --> 01:07:53,314
My friends, we are on the way to becoming

1320
01:07:53,435 --> 01:07:56,145
a two-tiered society,

1321
01:07:57,189 --> 01:07:58,454
composed of a few winners,

1322
01:07:59,900 --> 01:08:02,411
and a larger group of Americans left behind,

1323
01:08:03,195 --> 01:08:05,924
whose anger and whose disillusionment

1324
01:08:06,365 --> 01:08:08,332
is easily manipulated.

1325
01:08:09,275 --> 01:08:09,436
♪♪♪

1326
01:08:12,288 --> 01:08:13,566
[Robert VO] I'm former Labor Secretary Robert Reich,

1327
01:08:13,789 --> 01:08:15,422
filling in for Bill O'Reilly, who's on vacation.

1328
01:08:15,583 --> 01:08:17,416
But never fear, Factor fans!

1329
01:08:18,000 --> 01:08:19,656
I have the same ideology as Bill O'Reilly.

1330
01:08:19,878 --> 01:08:21,326
Bill will be back on Monday!

1331
01:08:22,131 --> 01:08:24,419
You know, I do television once or twice a week.

1332
01:08:25,001 --> 01:08:27,692
The problem with television is I'm usually on these yelling

1333
01:08:28,297 --> 01:08:28,541
shows.

1334
01:08:28,927 --> 01:08:30,514
I mean, I just yell, and somebody yells back at me.

1335
01:08:31,056 --> 01:08:31,897
[overlapping yelling]

1336
01:08:41,147 --> 01:08:41,914
-You're being hypocritical!

1337
01:08:41,934 --> 01:08:42,822
-Wait, let me...

1338
01:08:42,943 --> 01:08:45,763
let me be the first person to finish a sentence on the history

1339
01:08:45,904 --> 01:08:46,329
of this program.

1340
01:08:47,239 --> 01:08:47,521
All right?

1341
01:08:47,501 --> 01:08:47,521
!

1342
01:08:48,569 --> 01:08:48,809
♪♪♪

1343
01:08:53,515 --> 01:08:55,225
[man VO] This summer, Conan O'Brien

1344
01:08:55,748 --> 01:08:57,837
and Former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich...

1345
01:08:58,601 --> 01:08:59,612
are...

1346
01:08:59,835 --> 01:09:01,926
Detective Conan O'Brien...

1347
01:09:02,147 --> 01:09:04,955
and Detective Former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich!

1348
01:09:06,278 --> 01:09:07,476
Okay, now how do I stand, like this?

1349
01:09:07,760 --> 01:09:10,108
Well, like this, and we just march down the street together.

1350
01:09:10,429 --> 01:09:12,097
I feel-- I feel as if I'm one of you.

1351
01:09:12,097 --> 01:09:12,809
[man] Empowered!

1352
01:09:12,931 --> 01:09:13,801
I'm now one of the gang.

1353
01:09:14,266 --> 01:09:14,869
Factories closed!

1354
01:09:14,909 --> 01:09:16,015
Unemployment will spike!

1355
01:09:16,477 --> 01:09:18,203
Here to explain it is Robert B. Reich!

1356
01:09:18,604 --> 01:09:20,785
Rampant corporate greed, Wall Street malfeasance,

1357
01:09:21,148 --> 01:09:23,893
and the rises of short-sighted politics all contributed to

1358
01:09:24,213 --> 01:09:25,390
increased economic inequality!

1359
01:09:25,861 --> 01:09:26,090
[blast]

1360
01:09:26,131 --> 01:09:28,669
[man VO] They've got 24 hours to clean up the city!

1361
01:09:29,615 --> 01:09:30,019
[laughter]

1362
01:09:31,492 --> 01:09:32,624
I just took out the trash.

1363
01:09:34,115 --> 01:09:34,195
♪♪♪

1364
01:09:43,710 --> 01:09:44,838
[Robert VO] A true leader...

1365
01:09:44,838 --> 01:09:48,245
is always trying to empower other people to be ethically

1366
01:09:48,967 --> 01:09:50,033
responsible and self-aware.

1367
01:09:51,240 --> 01:09:51,823
Not just follow,

1368
01:09:52,888 --> 01:09:54,823
but to be ethically responsible and self-aware.

1369
01:09:55,911 --> 01:09:58,681
Empowerment means to take responsibility.

1370
01:10:00,065 --> 01:10:00,246
♪♪♪

1371
01:10:31,864 --> 01:10:33,285
[ambient sidewalk sounds]

1372
01:10:38,684 --> 01:10:39,289
-[woman] Hi, Professor Reich!

1373
01:10:39,309 --> 01:10:39,915
-How are you?

1374
01:10:39,895 --> 01:10:39,915
!

1375
01:10:40,016 --> 01:10:41,386
[woman] I watched your series on YouTube!

1376
01:10:41,729 --> 01:10:42,254
-Oh, I'm so glad!

1377
01:10:42,274 --> 01:10:43,162
-[woman] Really good!

1378
01:10:47,981 --> 01:10:49,428
[woman] Bye, Professor!

1379
01:10:49,690 --> 01:10:50,072
Thank you!

1380
01:10:50,132 --> 01:10:50,596
Thanks very much!

1381
01:10:51,363 --> 01:10:52,588
-[woman] You have a great day!

1382
01:10:52,608 --> 01:10:53,030
-You too!

1383
01:10:53,834 --> 01:10:55,367
[woman] I hope retirement is great!

1384
01:10:55,367 --> 01:10:55,631
Thank you!

1385
01:10:55,651 --> 01:10:56,422
I hope you have a good life!

1386
01:10:57,010 --> 01:10:58,583
[woman] Thank you!

1387
01:11:02,416 --> 01:11:03,660
[Brandon] Does that just happen everywhere you go?

1388
01:11:06,216 --> 01:11:06,358
Yeah.

1389
01:11:06,581 --> 01:11:07,048
Yeah!