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Downloaded from
YTS.MX

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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX

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[text flickering]

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[tense sparse music]

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[upbeat acoustic folk music]

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- [Tom] My name's
Tom; that's me.

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I was born in Yorkshire.

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I was a normal child
growing up, sort of.

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Look at that cummerbund.

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Played a lot of football.

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I ran quite a lot.

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[film projector whirring]

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Even won myself a few medals.

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[crowd cheering]
[crowd applauding]

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I had two dogs.

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[dog barking]

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Oh, yeah, and I didn't eat meat.

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[record scratching]

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In fact, I've never eaten meat.

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Okay, so maybe my childhood
wasn't that normal.

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'Cause that was the 1980s.

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Everybody ate meat.

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But since then,
things have changed.

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Veganism is on the rise and
it is continuing to grow.

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There are countless articles

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now stating the potential health

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and environmental benefits
a plant-based diet can fix.

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But for every positive
story related to veganism,

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there seems to be another
two that contradict it.

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And I still can't go a day

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without hearing from friends,
colleagues, and strangers

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wanting to share the
many reasons they
could never go vegan.

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Like, "Vegans are malnourished,

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Climate change doesn't exist.

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Cheese, bacon.

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The food is bloody disgusting.

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B12, protein.

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"Animals are there
for us to eat."

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Is it all just one
big plant-based con?

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Why was I even raised this way?

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I need to know more.

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I need to know why so many
people continue to say,

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"I could never go vegan."

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[tense thoughtful music]

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I've never eaten meat because
I was raised that way.

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I was curious why my
parents made this decision.

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So, when I was out one
sunny day, walking my pooch,

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I decided to give
my mum a quick call.

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[dog panting]

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[phone line ringing]

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- [Tom's Mum] Hello?

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- Hi, Mum. It's Tom.

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I've just got a quick
question for you.

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When you first told people

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you weren't gonna eat meat
anymore, how did they take it?

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- [Tom] Of course,

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I've heard this more than
anything else since being vegan.

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So, I decided to track down
some of the UK's top doctors

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and nutritionists so they
could tell me all about-

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- Protein.

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I think everyone who's vegan
has heard the question,

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"Where do you get your protein?"

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- The answer is so simple

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that I feel completely stupid
repeating it every time.

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You know, every single plant
food has protein in it.

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Our largest land animals

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and strongest land
animals on this planet,

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the elephants, and the great
apes, and the giraffes,

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are all eating plant foods.

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- In the West, there
really are no cases

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of protein deficiency

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because we are actually getting
an abundance of calories,

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and we know that Western vegans

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get more than enough protein.

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- The average person needs
about 0.8 to one gram

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per kilogram of body weight.

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Okay, fine, if you're an athlete

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or if you're bodybuilding,
trying to build muscle,

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if you're playing
a lot of sports,

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then your protein
requirements do increase.

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But again, only to about 1.6
grams per kilogram body weight.

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So again, it's not as
high as people think,

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and it's all achievable
with a vegan diet.

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- [Tom] As it turns out, Minil
knows what he's talking about

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when it comes to
getting enough protein.

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[upbeat rock music]

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[record scratches]

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In fact, I quickly realized

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there's a whole host of
professional athletes,

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past and present, benefiting
from a plant-based diet.

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- I think there is
this big misconception

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around you can't be
vegan and strong.

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But there's many of us

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that are just living
examples of that.

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- [Tom] And it's not just
professional athletes either.

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I was finding ordinary people

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benefiting from a
plant-based diet, too.

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Ordinary people doing
extraordinary things.

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Like Dean Maher, who's
climbed Mount Everest,

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which is quite high
by all accounts.

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- Yeah, it's like
a plant-based diet

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is our superpower, really.

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It's just that recovery.

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The last race I did
was a 100-mile race.

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And the next day, unless I
really pushed into my quads,

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my legs weren't sore at all.

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- [Tom] And Mike Coppock, who
I met up with in Barcelona,

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as he was about to
attempt yet another

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ultra running world record.

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- I'm about to attempt
the fastest known time

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on the 225-kilometer GR
5 route, near Barcelona.

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- [Tom] What I found
even crazier about Mike

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is that he'd just done
a full shift at work.

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Rather than go home and
rest like a normal human,

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he was about to attempt the
world record without any sleep.

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Why would you do
something like this?

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- [laughs] Yeah,
it's a good question.

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- [Tom] Despite years
and years of marketing

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linking athletic performance
to meat consumption,

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more and more athletes are
adopting a plant-based diet.

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Like Lisa Eble, three times
CrossFit champion in Germany

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and three times medalist at the
German Weightlifting Champs.

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[dramatic orchestral music]

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- For me, it's the right way.

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It's good for the animals,
it's good for the environment,

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and it's good for my body.

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I know I can go to an
80-kilo bar and snatch it.

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That's easy. [laughs]

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- [Tom] And Jeremy Reijnders,

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two times CrossFit
champion of Holland.

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- I noticed already in
the first couple of weeks

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that I had more energy.

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I had the same kind of
training but I was less sore.

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I was even able to add extra
training during the week

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because I could
handle more volume

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because I felt like I was
already ready to go earlier.

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- [Tom] Kate Strong,

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three times static bike
world record holder

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and ex-triathlon world champion.

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- I was able to
digest it quicker,

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which meant that I
could recover quicker

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after very heavy
training sessions.

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I was sleeping better;

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I was waking up more
alive, more refreshed.

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Feeling better, having
more positive thoughts.

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- [Tom] Ryan Stills,
powerlifting world champion.

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Alex Morgan, Olympic
gold medalist

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and two-time World Cup winner.

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Lewis Hamilton, seven-time
Formula 1 champion.

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Chris Smalling, ex-Premier
League-winning footballer.

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Cheavon Clarke,
Ex-Olympic boxer.

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Dotsie Bausch, cycling
Olympic silver medalist.

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- [Dotsie] I had no idea

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I was literally
ingesting rocket fuel

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when I switched over to plants.

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I stood on the Olympic podium

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just five months shy
of my 40th birthday.

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- [Tom] Carl Lewis,

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who ran his fastest
ever times as a vegan,

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and tennis superstar,
Novak Djokovic.

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I could keep going, but I
think you get the point.

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I wanted to get a
sense of how impressive

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these athletic feats were,

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so I made the somewhat
foolish mistake

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of challenging Lisa to a
race walking on our hands.

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- Well done!

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[Lisa laughs]

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Yes!

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- [Tom] Safe to say, I
won't be doing that again.

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- [laughs] Yeah!
- Ah!

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- [Lisa] Good job!

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[hands slapping]

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- You don't have to follow
those stereotypical norms

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of being able to
achieve something

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through eating animal products.

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I feel like it's just
been almost embedded

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into the fitness industry
that you must have to do it,

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but we're calling
bullshit. [laughing]

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I don't know if I'm allowed
to swear, sorry. [laughs]

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- [Tom] You can swear.

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[light thoughtful music]

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[phone line ringing]

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[door clunking]

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- [Tom's Mum] Hello?

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- Hi, Mum. It's Tom again.

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You know before, when I
asked how people reacted

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when you said you
didn't eat meat,

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was it just protein
they mentioned

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or was there anything else?

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- [Tom] So, basically
37 years ago,

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my mum was hearing the exact
same thing I hear today.

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Thankfully, my new doctor
friends were ready to clarify

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whether they think
vegans should be fearful

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of nutrient deficiencies.

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- What we know about a 100%
plant-based or vegan diet

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is that it can meet
your nutritional needs

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for all stages of life,
and this has been endorsed

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by some of the major dietetic
associations around the world,

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including the BDA
here in Britain.

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We've also got the American
Dietetics Association

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and the Canadians.

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- [Tom] It was evident
that the majority

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of essential nutrients
were available

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in abundance in a
plant-based diet,

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but like any dietary pattern,

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a small handful just need a
little extra care and attention.

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- Iodine deficiency
is a global problem,

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and it's one of the
commonest global deficiencies

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that we face.

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- This trace nutrient
is essential for health,

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especially thyroid function,

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and we only need a
very small amount.

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- [Tom] Best plant
sources are sea vegetables

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like nori, dulse, or wakame,

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which I imagine for a lot
of people, myself included,

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sound like made-up words.

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Other options of iodine
include fortified plant milks,

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yogurts, and breads, iodized
salts, or a supplement.

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Vitamin D is another nutrient

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that just needs a little
more care and attention.

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It's also known as
the "sunshine vitamin"

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because over 90% of it is
derived from sun exposure.

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It's actually a vitamin

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that more than half
the global population

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have insufficient levels of.

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It is fortified in various
plant milks and breads,

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but if you live in the
Northern Hemisphere,

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work long hours indoors, or
enjoy role-playing as a vampire,

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you should probably supplement,
especially in winter.

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And of course, everyone's
favorite nutrient

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of concern for vegans: B12.

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- This is a really
important vitamin

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that's actually made by
microbes in the soil.

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- A supplement is the
most reliable way.

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And it's important to mention
that many people who eat meat

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are also deficient
in vitamin B12.

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- [Tom] Rohini was right.

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B12 wasn't just a nutrient
of concern for vegans.

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In the US, people
above the age of 50

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are told to supplement with B12

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regardless of dietary pattern,

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partly because B12 found in
meat comes attached to protein

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that requires stomach
acid for removal

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and proper absorption.

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Many older adults

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don't have enough stomach
acid for this process,

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so they're encouraged

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to get some of their
B12 from supplements

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or fortified foods.

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All dietary patterns
take planning,

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but there seems to be a much
greater focus on the vegan diet

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00:09:40,683 --> 00:09:41,995
than most others,

253
00:09:42,098 --> 00:09:43,583
and that's despite
the fact that vegans

254
00:09:43,686 --> 00:09:45,585
are at no greater risk
of nutrient deficiencies

255
00:09:45,688 --> 00:09:47,172
than meat eaters.

256
00:09:47,276 --> 00:09:48,829
As it stands, they're
actually more likely

257
00:09:48,933 --> 00:09:50,417
to have a higher
intake of nutrients

258
00:09:50,520 --> 00:09:52,384
than both vegetarians
and omnivores.

259
00:09:53,938 --> 00:09:56,837
- Actually, the most
prevalent diet in the UK,

260
00:09:56,941 --> 00:10:01,290
you know, the typical British
diet, is far from optimal.

261
00:10:01,393 --> 00:10:04,120
We're so deficient in
a number of nutrients.

262
00:10:04,224 --> 00:10:06,467
- But the number one
dietary deficiency

263
00:10:06,571 --> 00:10:08,746
that you should be
thinking about every day

264
00:10:08,849 --> 00:10:12,370
is dietary fiber deficiency.

265
00:10:12,473 --> 00:10:13,543
This is a deficiency
that affects

266
00:10:13,647 --> 00:10:16,236
about 90% of people in
high-income countries.

267
00:10:16,339 --> 00:10:17,686
And why is that?

268
00:10:17,789 --> 00:10:20,240
It's because our food
systems have changed so much

269
00:10:20,343 --> 00:10:24,762
that we depend on meat, and
dairy, and processed foods,

270
00:10:24,865 --> 00:10:29,490
and junk foods for 60
to 80% of our calories.

271
00:10:29,594 --> 00:10:31,009
Fruits, vegetables,
legumes, nuts,

272
00:10:31,113 --> 00:10:33,080
and seeds in their
unprocessed form

273
00:10:33,184 --> 00:10:36,083
generally account for
maybe 10% of our calories,

274
00:10:36,187 --> 00:10:41,157
and this is a perfect recipe
for a fiber-deficient diet.

275
00:10:42,055 --> 00:10:43,228
- So currently, in the UK,

276
00:10:43,332 --> 00:10:46,300
only one in 10 adults
gets enough fiber.

277
00:10:46,404 --> 00:10:47,508
- [Tom] What?

278
00:10:47,612 --> 00:10:49,959
Only one in 10 adults
get enough fiber?

279
00:10:50,063 --> 00:10:50,995
Wow!

280
00:10:51,098 --> 00:10:52,410
And it's even worse in the US,

281
00:10:52,513 --> 00:10:54,239
where it's only 5%
that get enough.

282
00:10:54,343 --> 00:10:57,277
A similar story in
Canada, too, and Europe.

283
00:10:57,380 --> 00:10:58,934
And this is despite the fact

284
00:10:59,037 --> 00:11:00,970
that an adequate
intake of dietary fiber

285
00:11:01,074 --> 00:11:03,007
is associated with
good digestive health,

286
00:11:03,110 --> 00:11:06,182
a reduced risk of heart
disease, stroke, hypertension,

287
00:11:06,286 --> 00:11:08,219
certain gastrointestinal
disorders,

288
00:11:08,322 --> 00:11:11,774
obesity, type 2 diabetes,
certain cancers,

289
00:11:11,878 --> 00:11:13,224
and not to mention
having a good poo.

290
00:11:13,327 --> 00:11:15,675
- Fiber is only
found in plant foods,

291
00:11:15,778 --> 00:11:17,400
and many people are
surprised to learn

292
00:11:17,504 --> 00:11:20,783
that there is actually zero
fiber in any animal products.

293
00:11:20,887 --> 00:11:22,267
- [Tom] What's crazy

294
00:11:22,371 --> 00:11:23,510
is that even a large
chunk of vegetarians

295
00:11:23,613 --> 00:11:25,374
don't get enough fiber.

296
00:11:25,477 --> 00:11:27,963
As I continue to investigate
the various reasons

297
00:11:28,066 --> 00:11:29,309
people give for not going vegan,

298
00:11:29,412 --> 00:11:31,276
I also ask friends and
family members to help

299
00:11:31,380 --> 00:11:33,209
by sending the most common
reasons they've heard.

300
00:11:33,313 --> 00:11:35,246
One that popped up
a fair few times

301
00:11:35,349 --> 00:11:37,697
is this idea that consuming
meat is masculine.

302
00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:39,526
But what does it actually
mean to be masculine?

303
00:11:39,629 --> 00:11:41,217
Does it mean the biggest?

304
00:11:41,321 --> 00:11:42,184
The strongest?

305
00:11:42,287 --> 00:11:43,392
The most athletic?

306
00:11:43,495 --> 00:11:45,428
A protector? Provider?

307
00:11:45,532 --> 00:11:47,189
A carer of those around him?

308
00:11:47,292 --> 00:11:49,260
Whatever it means, a
large amount of people

309
00:11:49,363 --> 00:11:52,435
associate red meat
with masculinity.

310
00:11:52,539 --> 00:11:54,403
I've heard people argue that
it's because men are hunters

311
00:11:54,506 --> 00:11:57,717
and women are gatherers;
therefore, we're masculine.

312
00:11:57,820 --> 00:11:59,995
But that scenario played
out a long time ago.

313
00:12:00,098 --> 00:12:01,513
I'm not quite sure how shopping

314
00:12:01,617 --> 00:12:03,205
in the frozen aisle of your
supermarket for a piece of meat

315
00:12:03,308 --> 00:12:05,897
screams masculinity
in quite the same way.

316
00:12:06,001 --> 00:12:08,900
Despite this, growing up,
I vividly remember adverts

317
00:12:09,004 --> 00:12:10,799
trying to sell
manliness as a meal.

318
00:12:11,903 --> 00:12:14,250
♪ I am man; hear me roar

319
00:12:14,354 --> 00:12:16,528
♪ The number's too
big to ignore ♪

320
00:12:16,632 --> 00:12:21,499
♪ And I'm way too hungry
to settle for chick food ♪

321
00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:24,019
♪ 'Cause my stomach's
starting to growl ♪

322
00:12:24,122 --> 00:12:26,607
♪ And I'm going on the prowl

323
00:12:26,711 --> 00:12:28,920
- [Tom] So just how big a
role does advertisement play,

324
00:12:29,024 --> 00:12:31,233
and why is it so effective?

325
00:12:31,336 --> 00:12:34,098
- We don't notice it, because
it's around us all the time,

326
00:12:34,201 --> 00:12:36,894
and it's until you stop and go,

327
00:12:36,997 --> 00:12:38,965
"What on earth is
going on there?"

328
00:12:39,068 --> 00:12:40,656
that you suddenly start going,

329
00:12:40,760 --> 00:12:42,554
"Well, that's really
messed up, actually."

330
00:12:42,658 --> 00:12:46,075
Lying on her back in a very
sexually provocative way,

331
00:12:46,179 --> 00:12:50,631
legs in the air with high heels
on and fishnet stockings on.

332
00:12:50,735 --> 00:12:53,358
It's really quite
a bizarre image.

333
00:12:53,462 --> 00:12:56,983
Men like to consume
the bodies of women.

334
00:12:57,086 --> 00:12:59,468
Men like to consume
meat as well.

335
00:12:59,571 --> 00:13:04,300
So in order to establish
masculinity, manliness,

336
00:13:05,992 --> 00:13:08,339
you can kind of do that by
engaging with the practice

337
00:13:08,442 --> 00:13:12,308
of consuming these bodies
in this fragmented,

338
00:13:13,758 --> 00:13:15,139
objectified way.

339
00:13:15,242 --> 00:13:17,175
- Sex sells; it always has.

340
00:13:17,279 --> 00:13:18,625
And for years, men
have been sold products

341
00:13:18,728 --> 00:13:20,385
based around
masculinity and sex.

342
00:13:20,489 --> 00:13:23,009
I mean, the car and
tobacco industries

343
00:13:23,112 --> 00:13:25,045
have been doing this
for a long time.

344
00:13:26,115 --> 00:13:27,082
But it was perhaps
the meat industry

345
00:13:27,185 --> 00:13:28,808
that took it to a
whole new level.

346
00:13:28,911 --> 00:13:31,845
Attractive woman,
reference to oral sex.

347
00:13:31,949 --> 00:13:34,330
Phallic-shaped object
entering woman's open mouth.

348
00:13:34,434 --> 00:13:36,470
Aspirational penis size.

349
00:13:36,574 --> 00:13:39,163
"Eat this sandwich,
be a man, get hungry,

350
00:13:39,266 --> 00:13:41,959
get horny, get fed, get laid."

351
00:13:42,062 --> 00:13:44,099
But seriously, is
meat masculine,

352
00:13:44,202 --> 00:13:46,584
or is it just clever marketing?

353
00:13:46,687 --> 00:13:49,138
If advertisements focused
on women consuming meat,

354
00:13:49,242 --> 00:13:50,588
then men would likely
consume less meat.

355
00:13:50,691 --> 00:13:52,728
And it's believed that
it's actually men suffering

356
00:13:52,832 --> 00:13:55,904
with masculine fragility that
are more likely to eat meat.

357
00:13:56,007 --> 00:13:57,733
And what of the
act of sex itself?

358
00:13:57,837 --> 00:13:59,010
[computer keyboard clacking]

359
00:13:59,114 --> 00:14:00,425
We know from various studies

360
00:14:00,529 --> 00:14:02,807
that high meat consumption
can impact blood flow.

361
00:14:02,911 --> 00:14:04,188
And as you can imagine,

362
00:14:04,291 --> 00:14:06,811
healthy blood flow is essential
for healthy erections.

363
00:14:06,915 --> 00:14:08,502
Whereas high consumption
of plant foods

364
00:14:08,606 --> 00:14:10,953
can improve blood flow to the
heart, brain, and the penis,

365
00:14:11,057 --> 00:14:12,403
thanks to flavonoids

366
00:14:12,506 --> 00:14:14,957
and cyanins found in various
plant foods like apples,

367
00:14:15,061 --> 00:14:16,856
blueberries, and citrus fruits.

368
00:14:16,959 --> 00:14:19,375
Healthy blood flow,
healthy erection.

369
00:14:20,169 --> 00:14:21,895
So with all that being said,

370
00:14:21,999 --> 00:14:24,656
is red meat really the
most masculine choice?

371
00:14:27,556 --> 00:14:31,767
[laptop lid clunks]
[cell phone buzzing]

372
00:14:31,871 --> 00:14:34,943
Now, I have no idea how my
mum stumbled across this chap,

373
00:14:35,046 --> 00:14:37,117
but safe to say I was impressed.

374
00:14:37,221 --> 00:14:38,429
I wonder when he went vegan?

375
00:14:38,532 --> 00:14:40,258
I decided to go meet
him and find out.

376
00:14:40,362 --> 00:14:42,295
There are a lot of
people who believe,

377
00:14:42,398 --> 00:14:43,537
perhaps you get to a certain age

378
00:14:43,641 --> 00:14:45,229
and you think, you
know, "There's no point

379
00:14:45,332 --> 00:14:47,369
in me changing anything now;
it won't make a difference.

380
00:14:47,472 --> 00:14:49,405
You know, I've been this way
all my life; what's the point?"

381
00:14:49,509 --> 00:14:50,959
- [Paul] My message
has always been,

382
00:14:51,062 --> 00:14:52,581
it's never too late to
do anything, you know?

383
00:14:52,684 --> 00:14:55,273
So I challenged myself
to do a million press-ups

384
00:14:55,377 --> 00:14:57,172
between the age of 80 and 90.

385
00:14:57,275 --> 00:15:01,210
I wanna do 100 ultramarathons
before my 100th birthday.

386
00:15:01,314 --> 00:15:02,902
- [Tom] Paul became
vegan in his early 60s

387
00:15:03,005 --> 00:15:05,249
and didn't start
running until he was 82.

388
00:15:05,352 --> 00:15:07,803
But has he seen any differences
to his health by going vegan

389
00:15:07,907 --> 00:15:11,600
over 60 years into his life
and starting running so late?

390
00:15:11,703 --> 00:15:13,222
- Well, I've got
about 30 friends,

391
00:15:13,326 --> 00:15:15,569
email friends I see
regularly, play cards with

392
00:15:15,673 --> 00:15:17,295
and go out walking with.

393
00:15:17,399 --> 00:15:19,608
All of them, without exception,

394
00:15:19,711 --> 00:15:21,644
are on some form of medication.

395
00:15:21,748 --> 00:15:23,267
I'm not. No meds, nothing.

396
00:15:23,370 --> 00:15:24,820
[gentle contemplative music]

397
00:15:24,924 --> 00:15:26,995
- [Tom] As incredible and
aspirational as this sounded,

398
00:15:27,098 --> 00:15:28,755
it was also anecdotal.

399
00:15:28,858 --> 00:15:30,722
In reality, I can
find individuals

400
00:15:30,826 --> 00:15:34,278
that champion any
dietary pattern and
claim to be thriving.

401
00:15:34,381 --> 00:15:36,142
What does the science
say about longevity

402
00:15:36,245 --> 00:15:38,178
in a whole-food
plant-based diet?

403
00:15:38,282 --> 00:15:39,973
Well, it turns out,
Paul has a point;

404
00:15:40,077 --> 00:15:41,561
it really is never too late.

405
00:15:41,664 --> 00:15:44,426
If a 20-year-old switches from
their standard Western diet

406
00:15:44,529 --> 00:15:45,530
to an optimal diet

407
00:15:45,634 --> 00:15:47,222
that is predominantly
whole food plant-based,

408
00:15:47,325 --> 00:15:51,122
it's estimated to increase
life expectancy by 13 years,

409
00:15:51,226 --> 00:15:53,400
even making a halfway
transition to the optimal diet,

410
00:15:53,504 --> 00:15:55,885
and it's expected to
add a further six years.

411
00:15:55,989 --> 00:15:57,232
That's because
eating extra legumes

412
00:15:57,335 --> 00:15:59,406
can add over two years
to life expectancy,

413
00:15:59,510 --> 00:16:03,100
whole grains another two
years, and nuts 1.7 years.

414
00:16:03,203 --> 00:16:05,895
Of course, most people I
know are older than 20,

415
00:16:05,999 --> 00:16:07,069
but that's the thing.

416
00:16:08,381 --> 00:16:10,176
60-year-olds making the
change, just like Paul did,

417
00:16:10,279 --> 00:16:12,143
could live eight years longer,

418
00:16:12,247 --> 00:16:14,559
and 80-year-olds introducing
these foods into their life

419
00:16:14,663 --> 00:16:17,597
could be expected to
live a further 3.4 years.

420
00:16:19,012 --> 00:16:21,049
Paul was onto something with
his claim about medication.

421
00:16:21,152 --> 00:16:23,189
Vegans are up to 58% less likely

422
00:16:23,292 --> 00:16:25,915
to require medication past
the age of 60 than omnivores

423
00:16:26,019 --> 00:16:27,089
and vegetarians.

424
00:16:27,193 --> 00:16:29,471
[deep thoughtful music]

425
00:16:29,574 --> 00:16:31,162
At the end of my
chat, Paul asked me

426
00:16:31,266 --> 00:16:33,337
if I wanted to join him
on his next ultramarathon.

427
00:16:33,440 --> 00:16:34,855
I didn't really,
let's be honest,

428
00:16:34,959 --> 00:16:36,271
but he's over 50
years older than me;

429
00:16:36,374 --> 00:16:37,651
I couldn't exactly
say no, could I?

430
00:16:37,755 --> 00:16:38,514
- [Announcer] Three, two, one!

431
00:16:39,999 --> 00:16:40,930
Go!

432
00:16:41,034 --> 00:16:41,966
[crowd cheering]

433
00:16:42,070 --> 00:16:44,727
Good luck, everyone! Good luck!

434
00:16:44,831 --> 00:16:46,108
We'll see you when you get back.

435
00:16:46,212 --> 00:16:47,799
[contestants chattering]

436
00:16:47,903 --> 00:16:49,215
- [Tom] We're off, Paul.

437
00:16:49,318 --> 00:16:51,665
We're off.
- We're off mate. Yeah.

438
00:16:51,769 --> 00:16:53,426
[contestants chattering]

439
00:16:53,529 --> 00:16:55,462
Put any disease
that you think of

440
00:16:55,566 --> 00:16:58,603
next to a plant-based diet
online and see what comes up.

441
00:16:58,707 --> 00:17:01,054
And inevitably, it'll
say a plant-based diet

442
00:17:01,158 --> 00:17:04,506
is beneficial to any
of those conditions.

443
00:17:04,609 --> 00:17:07,129
- [Tom] All right, Paul,
challenge accepted.

444
00:17:07,233 --> 00:17:09,235
[deep thoughtful music]

445
00:17:09,338 --> 00:17:11,375
- What should we eat?

446
00:17:11,478 --> 00:17:14,550
What should everybody on
the planet strive to eat?

447
00:17:14,654 --> 00:17:16,380
- The Global Burden
of Disease study

448
00:17:16,483 --> 00:17:19,383
showed us that food has now
overtaken other risk factors

449
00:17:19,486 --> 00:17:21,109
as being the biggest thing

450
00:17:21,212 --> 00:17:22,972
that drives chronic disease
in the Western world.

451
00:17:23,076 --> 00:17:28,323
- 74% of the British adults
are carrying excess weight.

452
00:17:29,358 --> 00:17:30,566
They're either
overweight or obese.

453
00:17:30,670 --> 00:17:31,602
- When it comes to
chronic disease risk,

454
00:17:31,705 --> 00:17:33,707
we know that genes
only really account

455
00:17:33,811 --> 00:17:36,365
for between 10 to 15% of cases,

456
00:17:36,469 --> 00:17:38,195
and there is a huge
amount that we can do

457
00:17:38,298 --> 00:17:39,817
in terms of our lifestyle.

458
00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:41,543
- Studies of
populations over time

459
00:17:41,646 --> 00:17:43,855
show us that the
more plants we eat,

460
00:17:43,959 --> 00:17:46,444
the less chances of heart
disease we have in the future.

461
00:17:46,548 --> 00:17:49,275
- There is only one
dietary component

462
00:17:49,378 --> 00:17:52,071
that consistently has been shown

463
00:17:52,174 --> 00:17:55,143
to increase one's risk of
developing bowel cancer,

464
00:17:55,246 --> 00:17:56,627
and that's meat.

465
00:17:56,730 --> 00:18:00,079
Even consuming just
200 grams of fruits

466
00:18:00,182 --> 00:18:03,703
or vegetables per day can
reduce your risk by 22%.

467
00:18:03,806 --> 00:18:07,534
That's one apple a day to
keep the oncologist away.

468
00:18:07,638 --> 00:18:10,296
- Prostate cancer is
the most common cancer

469
00:18:10,399 --> 00:18:11,780
that is diagnosed in men.

470
00:18:11,883 --> 00:18:14,058
- And hormone-dependent
cancers are, in fact,

471
00:18:14,162 --> 00:18:15,715
more likely to be driven

472
00:18:15,818 --> 00:18:17,993
by the increased consumption
of animal products,

473
00:18:18,097 --> 00:18:19,270
including meat and dairy.

474
00:18:19,374 --> 00:18:21,169
- So the World Cancer
Research Fund states

475
00:18:21,272 --> 00:18:23,136
that "A healthy diet
for cancer prevention

476
00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:25,725
is one that's centered
around fruits, vegetables,

477
00:18:25,828 --> 00:18:27,451
whole grains, and beans."

478
00:18:27,554 --> 00:18:30,661
That's pretty much a
whole-food, plant-based diet.

479
00:18:30,764 --> 00:18:32,180
The American College
of Cardiology

480
00:18:32,283 --> 00:18:33,664
recommends a plant-based diet

481
00:18:33,767 --> 00:18:36,011
for preventing
cardiovascular disease.

482
00:18:36,115 --> 00:18:38,876
So that's our two top killers
taken care of there and then.

483
00:18:38,979 --> 00:18:41,844
- Eight out of 10 women will
suffer from hot flushes,

484
00:18:41,948 --> 00:18:46,573
and we know that historically,
women who have eaten

485
00:18:46,677 --> 00:18:47,850
whole plant foods,

486
00:18:47,954 --> 00:18:50,232
women who have soya
regularly in their diet

487
00:18:50,336 --> 00:18:51,889
tend to suffer less.

488
00:18:51,992 --> 00:18:53,477
- The American College of
Clinical Endocrinologists

489
00:18:53,580 --> 00:18:55,341
recommends a plant-based diet

490
00:18:55,444 --> 00:18:57,964
as a first-line prevention
for type 2 diabetes.

491
00:18:58,067 --> 00:19:01,174
- My own father was diagnosed
with type 2 diabetes

492
00:19:01,278 --> 00:19:02,106
in his 50s.

493
00:19:02,210 --> 00:19:04,039
- I think the penny dropped

494
00:19:04,143 --> 00:19:08,802
when I realized that I was
losing my vision in both eyes.

495
00:19:08,906 --> 00:19:10,321
- And he put it into remission

496
00:19:10,425 --> 00:19:12,703
using a whole-food,
plant-based diet.

497
00:19:12,806 --> 00:19:16,224
- I felt much healthier,
and I'm in remission

498
00:19:16,327 --> 00:19:18,226
with regard to the diabetes.

499
00:19:18,329 --> 00:19:21,056
- Irritable bowel syndrome,
digestive discomfort,

500
00:19:21,160 --> 00:19:23,196
bloating, gas, indigestion

501
00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:26,095
affecting more than
one in five people.

502
00:19:26,199 --> 00:19:30,099
We have got to look at
the food on our plate.

503
00:19:30,203 --> 00:19:31,411
Because the science
clearly tells us

504
00:19:31,515 --> 00:19:33,482
that the standard Western diet,

505
00:19:33,586 --> 00:19:36,761
which is a high meat, high
dairy, high processed food,

506
00:19:36,865 --> 00:19:40,075
high junk food diet, a
plant-deficient diet,

507
00:19:40,179 --> 00:19:43,630
is the perfect diet to generate
terrible digestive health.

508
00:19:43,734 --> 00:19:45,977
- You know, when you
read the studies,

509
00:19:46,081 --> 00:19:48,325
the stats tell us that 80%

510
00:19:48,428 --> 00:19:50,568
of the chronic illnesses
that we see in the NHS

511
00:19:50,672 --> 00:19:52,708
could be pretty much wiped out

512
00:19:54,089 --> 00:19:58,024
if we, as a population or
citizens, adopted a healthy diet

513
00:19:58,127 --> 00:20:00,406
and other healthy
lifestyle behaviors.

514
00:20:00,509 --> 00:20:04,237
- It's not about
labeling yourself as
vegan or plant-based,

515
00:20:04,341 --> 00:20:05,583
or even flexitarian.

516
00:20:05,687 --> 00:20:07,827
It's about choosing
to build your meals

517
00:20:07,930 --> 00:20:09,346
from the ingredients

518
00:20:09,449 --> 00:20:11,762
that are proven to
benefit human health.

519
00:20:11,865 --> 00:20:14,696
- If we shifted the
whole of our population

520
00:20:14,799 --> 00:20:18,458
towards a plant-based diet,
whether it's 85%, 90%,

521
00:20:18,562 --> 00:20:20,943
or even 100% for
those that can do it,

522
00:20:21,047 --> 00:20:24,568
we would radically reduce
our risk of illness,

523
00:20:24,671 --> 00:20:26,397
and that would make
my life so much easier

524
00:20:26,501 --> 00:20:27,847
as a cancer doctor.

525
00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:29,711
- [Tom] My nan died of
a massive heart attack

526
00:20:29,814 --> 00:20:30,677
a few years ago.

527
00:20:30,781 --> 00:20:32,231
Since then, I've
lost other relatives

528
00:20:32,334 --> 00:20:33,922
to various chronic illnesses.

529
00:20:34,025 --> 00:20:35,786
I never once spoke to them
about the food they ate

530
00:20:35,889 --> 00:20:37,097
or their lifestyle.

531
00:20:37,201 --> 00:20:38,409
Maybe it wouldn't have
made a difference,

532
00:20:38,513 --> 00:20:40,066
but maybe it would.

533
00:20:40,169 --> 00:20:42,827
The real kicker is the fact
that I didn't even try.

534
00:20:44,381 --> 00:20:47,591
Over in Scotland, Sophia
has very kindly invited me

535
00:20:47,694 --> 00:20:51,284
to watch her defend her British
at the Powerlifting Champs.

536
00:20:51,388 --> 00:20:52,906
Powerlifting consists
of three attempts

537
00:20:53,010 --> 00:20:54,529
at three different exercises:

538
00:20:54,632 --> 00:20:57,290
Squat, bench, and deadlift.

539
00:20:57,394 --> 00:20:59,568
In an ideal world,
you make the lift,

540
00:20:59,672 --> 00:21:02,399
then you increase the
weight on your next attempt.

541
00:21:02,502 --> 00:21:03,814
Sophia is off to a great start

542
00:21:03,917 --> 00:21:07,990
with two fantastic opening
lifts of 157.5 kilograms

543
00:21:08,094 --> 00:21:10,303
and 165 kilograms.

544
00:21:10,407 --> 00:21:13,651
On her third squat, she's
going for 170 kilograms.

545
00:21:15,584 --> 00:21:18,898
[upbeat techno music]

546
00:21:26,561 --> 00:21:28,494
[audience cheering]

547
00:21:28,597 --> 00:21:29,909
[audience applauding]

548
00:21:30,012 --> 00:21:31,255
And she nails it.

549
00:21:31,359 --> 00:21:32,601
But I quickly learn,

550
00:21:32,705 --> 00:21:34,810
it's not gonna be plain
sailing for Sophia.

551
00:21:34,914 --> 00:21:36,260
She's got some
strict competition

552
00:21:36,364 --> 00:21:37,917
in the name of Susanna Argile.

553
00:21:39,159 --> 00:21:41,472
Susanna is about to
attempt the British record

554
00:21:41,576 --> 00:21:44,993
with a massive
198-kilogram squat.

555
00:21:45,096 --> 00:21:49,480
[upbeat techno music continues]

556
00:21:49,584 --> 00:21:50,447
[audience cheering]

557
00:21:50,550 --> 00:21:52,414
- [Announcer] It's a good lift!

558
00:21:52,518 --> 00:21:55,831
And a new British
record for Susan Argile!

559
00:21:57,902 --> 00:22:00,526
- [Tom] At the end of round
one, Susanna's in the lead,

560
00:22:00,629 --> 00:22:03,529
with Sophia back in third place.

561
00:22:03,632 --> 00:22:05,427
[upbeat techno music]

562
00:22:05,531 --> 00:22:08,810
[car engine whirring]

563
00:22:08,913 --> 00:22:11,606
Back in Barcelona, Mike
is off to a great start,

564
00:22:11,709 --> 00:22:12,986
as he tells me when
we meet up with him

565
00:22:13,090 --> 00:22:14,160
at the first checkpoint.

566
00:22:14,263 --> 00:22:15,334
- Yeah, pretty good.

567
00:22:16,507 --> 00:22:17,577
Reasonably fresh.

568
00:22:17,681 --> 00:22:20,684
Just been taking
it slowly. [sniffs]

569
00:22:20,787 --> 00:22:22,893
Trying to go as slow
as possible. [laughs]

570
00:22:22,996 --> 00:22:24,170
- [Tom] You're ahead
of schedule then?

571
00:22:24,273 --> 00:22:25,861
- Yeah, a little bit.

572
00:22:25,965 --> 00:22:28,312
- [Tom] The weather
is truly awful.

573
00:22:28,416 --> 00:22:30,728
Worse than in the UK,
if you can believe that.

574
00:22:30,832 --> 00:22:32,868
But it's not deterred
Mike in the slightest.

575
00:22:34,767 --> 00:22:36,458
- I'm pretty pleased
that it's light now,

576
00:22:36,562 --> 00:22:38,322
and now still feeling
reasonably good.

577
00:22:38,426 --> 00:22:40,531
The legs are still
working pretty well.

578
00:22:41,567 --> 00:22:43,776
So 76 kilometers.

579
00:22:43,879 --> 00:22:45,881
Yeah, I'm still feeling
reasonably fresh.

580
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:50,576
Yeah, avocado and bean
wraps are the best.

581
00:22:50,679 --> 00:22:54,338
[people chattering]

582
00:22:54,442 --> 00:22:55,477
See you tomorrow.
- Yep, yeah.

583
00:22:55,581 --> 00:22:56,754
- Yeah.
- Have a good time.

584
00:22:56,858 --> 00:22:58,169
- Bye.
[contestant laughing]

585
00:22:58,273 --> 00:23:01,000
- [Tom] And just like that,
Mike's back on his way,

586
00:23:01,103 --> 00:23:03,451
and is two hours ahead
of the current record.

587
00:23:07,903 --> 00:23:09,215
While out on a walk with Chan,

588
00:23:09,318 --> 00:23:10,837
my mum kindly sent
me another argument

589
00:23:10,941 --> 00:23:12,011
she's had quite a
lot over the years.

590
00:23:12,114 --> 00:23:15,566
[cell phone buzzing]

591
00:23:15,670 --> 00:23:18,604
It was a good question because
I also hear this a lot.

592
00:23:18,707 --> 00:23:20,295
So, is it more expensive?

593
00:23:20,399 --> 00:23:21,538
[tense thoughtful music]

594
00:23:21,641 --> 00:23:22,918
- Some people really think so.

595
00:23:23,022 --> 00:23:26,784
And if you go to some
supermarket chains,

596
00:23:26,888 --> 00:23:29,200
you might get away
with that impression,

597
00:23:29,304 --> 00:23:32,203
especially if you buy sort of
highly processed, you know,

598
00:23:32,307 --> 00:23:33,688
burger replacements.

599
00:23:33,791 --> 00:23:36,138
But based on basic ingredients,

600
00:23:36,242 --> 00:23:37,657
on the cost of
basic ingredients,

601
00:23:37,761 --> 00:23:39,245
it doesn't seem to be the case.

602
00:23:39,348 --> 00:23:41,730
We wanted to really
dig out some data

603
00:23:41,834 --> 00:23:44,733
and look at how expensive
different, healthy,

604
00:23:44,837 --> 00:23:46,597
and more sustainable
dietary patterns,

605
00:23:46,701 --> 00:23:49,876
including a vegan dietary
pattern, would actually be.

606
00:23:49,980 --> 00:23:51,499
The biggest cost
reduction we found

607
00:23:51,602 --> 00:23:54,916
for vegan dietary patterns,

608
00:23:55,019 --> 00:23:57,574
and the least for
pescatarian dietary patterns.

609
00:23:57,677 --> 00:23:58,989
Those could actually
be more expensive

610
00:23:59,092 --> 00:24:00,439
in high-income countries.

611
00:24:00,542 --> 00:24:01,681
One thing to illustrate this

612
00:24:01,785 --> 00:24:03,545
is if we look at the weekly cost

613
00:24:03,649 --> 00:24:06,583
of a normal food
basket for one person,

614
00:24:06,686 --> 00:24:09,689
in the US or other
high-income countries,

615
00:24:09,793 --> 00:24:12,140
it would be about $50 per week.

616
00:24:12,243 --> 00:24:16,006
You can cut that down to
just a little bit over $30

617
00:24:16,109 --> 00:24:18,249
if you were to buy
the ingredients

618
00:24:18,353 --> 00:24:20,320
for a vegetarian or vegan diet.

619
00:24:20,424 --> 00:24:21,563
- [Tom] Clearly, there's a cheap

620
00:24:21,667 --> 00:24:22,909
and expensive way
to eat vegan foods,

621
00:24:23,013 --> 00:24:24,670
so processed foods
obviously play their part

622
00:24:24,773 --> 00:24:26,223
in why people think this way.

623
00:24:26,326 --> 00:24:28,674
Plant-based milks are
also 60% more expensive

624
00:24:28,777 --> 00:24:30,538
than their dairy counterparts.

625
00:24:30,641 --> 00:24:31,849
And this is troubling when
a large portion of people

626
00:24:31,953 --> 00:24:33,817
are actually
intolerant to dairy.

627
00:24:34,680 --> 00:24:35,922
But what about fruits?

628
00:24:36,026 --> 00:24:37,648
Cost of fruit is believed
to be the barrier

629
00:24:37,752 --> 00:24:39,581
from stopping 1/3
of people in the UK

630
00:24:39,685 --> 00:24:41,134
from eating enough of it.

631
00:24:41,238 --> 00:24:42,550
And somehow,

632
00:24:42,653 --> 00:24:44,690
this means that four
ultra-processed beef burgers

633
00:24:44,793 --> 00:24:47,244
are actually often
cheaper than four apples.

634
00:24:47,347 --> 00:24:48,521
And upon further research,

635
00:24:48,625 --> 00:24:51,110
I seem to find an
explanation for this:

636
00:24:51,213 --> 00:24:56,080
$540 billion has been dished
out in government subsidies.

637
00:24:57,288 --> 00:24:58,704
I mean, subsidies don't
have to be a bad thing.

638
00:24:58,807 --> 00:24:59,877
Surely, if used correctly,

639
00:24:59,981 --> 00:25:01,569
they could both drive
food prices down

640
00:25:01,672 --> 00:25:04,606
and protect a global food
system that works for all.

641
00:25:04,710 --> 00:25:05,918
But when used incorrectly,

642
00:25:06,021 --> 00:25:07,540
then nearly all
the money pumped in

643
00:25:07,644 --> 00:25:09,749
could harm people's health,
the planet's health,

644
00:25:09,853 --> 00:25:11,751
and drive inequality.

645
00:25:11,855 --> 00:25:13,097
The biggest beneficiary
of these subsidies

646
00:25:13,201 --> 00:25:16,238
is animal agriculture,
such as beef and dairy.

647
00:25:16,342 --> 00:25:18,413
In the UK and many
other countries,

648
00:25:18,517 --> 00:25:20,311
livestock farmers
simply wouldn't survive

649
00:25:20,415 --> 00:25:21,934
without the taxpayer.

650
00:25:22,037 --> 00:25:24,246
In Wales, a country where
a large amount of land

651
00:25:24,350 --> 00:25:26,766
is used to farm sheep, the
average farmer's income

652
00:25:26,870 --> 00:25:28,872
hovers around zero
pound per year,

653
00:25:28,975 --> 00:25:30,874
meaning almost all the
money a farmer receives

654
00:25:30,977 --> 00:25:32,979
comes from public subsidies.

655
00:25:33,083 --> 00:25:35,085
What's worse is that the
majority of subsidies

656
00:25:35,188 --> 00:25:37,605
around the world don't
even benefit local farmers.

657
00:25:37,708 --> 00:25:39,848
In the US, 10% of farmers mop up

658
00:25:39,952 --> 00:25:42,299
77% of their
country's subsidies.

659
00:25:42,402 --> 00:25:43,887
In the EU,

660
00:25:43,990 --> 00:25:45,647
they get the money based on
every hectare of land farmed.

661
00:25:45,751 --> 00:25:49,306
The landowners, i.e. the
rich, just get richer.

662
00:25:50,997 --> 00:25:53,172
I wondered about how much
money arable farmers get.

663
00:25:53,275 --> 00:25:56,037
And thankfully, I had
just the person to ask.

664
00:25:56,140 --> 00:25:59,419
So I decided to head over to
Iain Tolhurst's organic farm,

665
00:25:59,523 --> 00:26:00,697
in slow motion.

666
00:26:00,800 --> 00:26:03,113
Do you benefit from
any subsidization?

667
00:26:03,216 --> 00:26:05,322
- No, at the moment, we don't
get any subsidies at all.

668
00:26:05,425 --> 00:26:07,738
We have had little bits
of money in the past.

669
00:26:07,842 --> 00:26:10,776
It was never more than
0.3% of our turnover.

670
00:26:10,879 --> 00:26:12,329
- [Tom] How can that be?

671
00:26:12,432 --> 00:26:14,434
This is one of the richest
countries in the world,

672
00:26:14,538 --> 00:26:15,815
and yet people
have clearly stated

673
00:26:15,919 --> 00:26:17,576
they can't afford to eat
certain fruits and veg

674
00:26:17,679 --> 00:26:18,922
because of cost.

675
00:26:19,025 --> 00:26:20,509
A country where only 8% of
children aged between 11

676
00:26:20,613 --> 00:26:23,582
and 18 are eating enough
fruits and vegetables,

677
00:26:23,685 --> 00:26:25,480
yet we're offering a
pittance in subsidies

678
00:26:25,584 --> 00:26:26,895
to arable farmers.

679
00:26:26,999 --> 00:26:29,415
- So if governments wanted
to make a difference,

680
00:26:29,518 --> 00:26:31,141
they would subsidize
the price of fruit

681
00:26:31,244 --> 00:26:33,868
and vegetables at
the point of sale.

682
00:26:33,971 --> 00:26:35,594
- [Tom] But that isn't
what governments are doing,

683
00:26:35,697 --> 00:26:38,217
so it turns out that
is why four apples

684
00:26:38,320 --> 00:26:40,840
cost more than four
processed beef burgers.

685
00:26:40,944 --> 00:26:45,949
[dog panting]
[deep thoughtful music]

686
00:26:48,192 --> 00:26:51,195
[cell phone buzzing]

687
00:26:53,094 --> 00:26:54,509
This really got me thinking,

688
00:26:54,613 --> 00:26:56,822
because if animals are
here for us to eat,

689
00:26:56,925 --> 00:26:58,271
then which animals do we mean?

690
00:27:02,793 --> 00:27:04,139
[light thoughtful music]

691
00:27:04,243 --> 00:27:06,970
There are currently over
6,300 species of mammal,

692
00:27:08,488 --> 00:27:11,319
and a further 10,000
species of bird.

693
00:27:11,422 --> 00:27:13,804
Yet in the UK, US, and
the majority of the West,

694
00:27:13,908 --> 00:27:15,392
we only eat a handful.

695
00:27:15,495 --> 00:27:19,810
We eat the same animals over
and over and over again.

696
00:27:19,914 --> 00:27:23,089
The UK's meat consumption is
actually currently reducing,

697
00:27:23,193 --> 00:27:26,955
but we still kill and consume
2.6 million cows and calves,

698
00:27:27,059 --> 00:27:31,028
10 million pigs, 14.5
million sheep and lambs,

699
00:27:31,132 --> 00:27:34,169
and over 950 million
birds each year.

700
00:27:35,584 --> 00:27:39,243
In the US, it's more like
34 million cows and calves,

701
00:27:39,347 --> 00:27:41,625
131 million pigs,

702
00:27:41,729 --> 00:27:44,835
and 9.3 billion chickens.

703
00:27:44,939 --> 00:27:50,013
In one country, in one year,
they eat 9.3 billion chickens.

704
00:27:51,428 --> 00:27:55,708
And worryingly, in the US, meat
consumption is on the rise.

705
00:27:57,089 --> 00:27:58,953
If these animals really
are here for us to eat,

706
00:27:59,056 --> 00:28:01,162
then why do we eat so few?

707
00:28:01,265 --> 00:28:03,992
There's literally thousands
of species to choose from.

708
00:28:04,096 --> 00:28:06,823
- In meat-eating cultures
around the world,

709
00:28:06,926 --> 00:28:10,067
people learn to classify
a small handful of animals

710
00:28:10,171 --> 00:28:11,517
as edible.

711
00:28:11,620 --> 00:28:12,967
All the rest they
classify as inedible

712
00:28:13,070 --> 00:28:16,936
and often disgusting and
even offensive to consume.

713
00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:20,457
So, even though the
type of animal consumed

714
00:28:20,560 --> 00:28:24,495
changes from culture to culture,
all cultures tend to think

715
00:28:24,599 --> 00:28:26,428
of their own choices as rational

716
00:28:26,532 --> 00:28:28,741
and the choices of other
cultures as irrational

717
00:28:28,845 --> 00:28:30,985
and often even offensive.

718
00:28:31,088 --> 00:28:32,193
- [Tom] In other
parts of the world,

719
00:28:32,296 --> 00:28:33,608
they do eat vastly
different animals

720
00:28:33,712 --> 00:28:37,301
to the ones we consume in the
UK, US, and most of Europe.

721
00:28:37,405 --> 00:28:39,752
In Japan, they eat wasp
crackers, tuna's eyeballs,

722
00:28:39,856 --> 00:28:41,133
and dolphin.

723
00:28:41,236 --> 00:28:43,273
In France, you can
order frog risotto.

724
00:28:43,376 --> 00:28:45,413
In parts of Cambodia,
they fry spiders.

725
00:28:46,863 --> 00:28:49,486
And in parts of Asia,
they eat cats and dogs.

726
00:28:49,589 --> 00:28:53,801
Animals that in the US, it's
not only morally frowned upon,

727
00:28:53,904 --> 00:28:55,319
but it's illegal.

728
00:28:56,562 --> 00:28:58,771
- In the West, for
example, we don't eat dogs,

729
00:28:58,875 --> 00:29:01,567
but in the East, in some
places, people do eat dogs.

730
00:29:01,670 --> 00:29:03,086
But they don't eat
all kinds of dogs.

731
00:29:03,189 --> 00:29:04,397
They eat certain kinds of dogs.

732
00:29:04,501 --> 00:29:07,297
So, it's offensive to
eat certain breeds,

733
00:29:07,400 --> 00:29:10,093
but eating dogs who
are mixed breeds

734
00:29:10,196 --> 00:29:12,785
is not offensive to many people.

735
00:29:12,889 --> 00:29:17,065
So, there really is not
a rational classification

736
00:29:17,169 --> 00:29:19,930
for why certain animals
are deemed edible

737
00:29:20,034 --> 00:29:21,138
and others are not.

738
00:29:21,242 --> 00:29:22,174
- [Tom] Why don't
we farm and eat dogs

739
00:29:22,277 --> 00:29:23,900
like they do in
large parts of Asia?

740
00:29:24,003 --> 00:29:25,694
It'd be quite easy to manage.

741
00:29:25,798 --> 00:29:27,179
Dogs are docile.

742
00:29:27,282 --> 00:29:28,387
That's why we test on
thousands of them every year

743
00:29:28,490 --> 00:29:30,665
in the cosmetic and
pharmaceutical industry.

744
00:29:30,769 --> 00:29:33,426
It would probably be just as
easy to farm and eat them, too.

745
00:29:33,530 --> 00:29:37,361
- When we look at a
hamburger, we see food,

746
00:29:37,465 --> 00:29:39,639
we don't see dead animals.

747
00:29:39,743 --> 00:29:42,366
And we feel appetized
often, anyway.

748
00:29:42,470 --> 00:29:45,266
We feel appetized
rather than disgusted.

749
00:29:45,369 --> 00:29:47,889
Now, if somebody were to
tell us that that hamburger

750
00:29:47,993 --> 00:29:49,684
was made from a
golden retriever,

751
00:29:49,788 --> 00:29:54,689
chances are we would
automatically see
that hamburger now

752
00:29:54,793 --> 00:29:57,036
as a dead animal
rather than as food,

753
00:29:57,140 --> 00:30:00,626
and we would automatically
feel disgusted,

754
00:30:00,729 --> 00:30:05,079
and often perhaps even
sad, rather than appetized.

755
00:30:05,182 --> 00:30:06,908
- [Tom] 26% of the UK population

756
00:30:07,012 --> 00:30:10,325
have a dog as a companion
animal, and 24% have a cat.

757
00:30:11,637 --> 00:30:13,915
People the world over
love their cats and dogs.

758
00:30:14,019 --> 00:30:16,090
Although clearly not everywhere.

759
00:30:16,193 --> 00:30:17,401
In China, anywhere between 10

760
00:30:17,505 --> 00:30:20,508
and 20 million dogs
are killed every year,

761
00:30:20,611 --> 00:30:21,923
five million in Vietnam,

762
00:30:22,027 --> 00:30:23,925
and another two
million in South Korea.

763
00:30:24,029 --> 00:30:25,271
Which is why so many
people in the West

764
00:30:25,375 --> 00:30:27,584
campaign passionately
against it.

765
00:30:27,687 --> 00:30:28,619
But why?

766
00:30:28,723 --> 00:30:29,897
What's the point?

767
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:32,623
I mean, in India, Hindus
consider cows sacred,

768
00:30:32,727 --> 00:30:36,006
yet we eat over 2 1/2
million every year in the UK.

769
00:30:36,110 --> 00:30:37,870
Should they protest
and sign petitions?

770
00:30:37,974 --> 00:30:39,354
Would we listen?

771
00:30:39,458 --> 00:30:41,909
Why do these ethical
double standards exist?

772
00:30:43,220 --> 00:30:45,015
Why can you donate to help
prevent animal cruelty

773
00:30:45,119 --> 00:30:47,259
on the oldest animal
charity website,

774
00:30:47,362 --> 00:30:49,157
but then on their
assurance scheme website

775
00:30:49,261 --> 00:30:51,504
find recipes on the best
ways to cook the animals?

776
00:30:53,058 --> 00:30:55,025
If these animals are
truly here for us to eat,

777
00:30:55,129 --> 00:30:57,786
we seem to be particularly
selective in which ones we mean.

778
00:30:57,890 --> 00:30:59,202
The idea of chopping up my dog

779
00:30:59,305 --> 00:31:01,825
and eating his flesh is
a truly horrible one.

780
00:31:01,929 --> 00:31:04,379
But how different is it really?

781
00:31:04,483 --> 00:31:07,417
[dog faintly barking]

782
00:31:09,729 --> 00:31:11,179
[cell phone buzzing]

783
00:31:11,283 --> 00:31:13,561
[Tom groans]

784
00:31:17,220 --> 00:31:18,359
- [Cody] Tom, it's Cody.

785
00:31:18,462 --> 00:31:19,256
Quick question.

786
00:31:19,360 --> 00:31:21,051
What makes people turn vegan?

787
00:31:21,155 --> 00:31:23,502
I mean, we've been eating
meat since cavemen times.

788
00:31:23,605 --> 00:31:26,367
There's cave paintings of
cavemen hunting animals.

789
00:31:26,470 --> 00:31:30,026
There's no cave paintings of
cavemen digging vegetables.

790
00:31:30,129 --> 00:31:32,821
Also, talking of animals,
animals eat other animals.

791
00:31:32,925 --> 00:31:33,650
I'm an animal.

792
00:31:33,753 --> 00:31:35,031
You're an animal.

793
00:31:35,134 --> 00:31:37,274
You know, we've even got
the same teeth as animals.

794
00:31:37,378 --> 00:31:38,862
Carnivorous animals, anyway.

795
00:31:38,966 --> 00:31:40,312
You know, canines and all that.

796
00:31:40,415 --> 00:31:42,901
I'll send you a picture of
me teeth, just to clarify.

797
00:31:43,004 --> 00:31:44,868
Anyway, sorry if I've
ruined your trip.

798
00:31:44,972 --> 00:31:45,904
Enjoy this and-

799
00:31:46,007 --> 00:31:48,078
[cell phone beeps]
[Tom sighs]

800
00:31:48,182 --> 00:31:51,564
[cell phone buzzing]

801
00:31:51,668 --> 00:31:52,945
- [Tom] My friend's mouth

802
00:31:53,049 --> 00:31:54,671
gave me a newfound
respect for dentists.

803
00:31:54,774 --> 00:31:56,052
But I was curious to know,

804
00:31:56,155 --> 00:31:57,329
who has the biggest canines
in the animal kingdom?

805
00:31:57,432 --> 00:31:59,710
It's probably not
what you're expecting.

806
00:31:59,814 --> 00:32:03,059
The hippopotamus has the largest
teeth of any land animal.

807
00:32:03,162 --> 00:32:06,579
Their canines can
reach up to 1.5 feet.

808
00:32:06,683 --> 00:32:08,443
But they eat grass and fruit.

809
00:32:08,547 --> 00:32:10,031
They don't eat meat.

810
00:32:10,135 --> 00:32:11,895
And sure, some
animals, like lions,

811
00:32:11,999 --> 00:32:13,759
use their canines to
tear away at meat,

812
00:32:13,862 --> 00:32:15,795
but others use it
for social signaling

813
00:32:15,899 --> 00:32:17,590
and to help defend
external threats.

814
00:32:19,075 --> 00:32:21,042
Basically, I'm not sure the
mere presence of canines

815
00:32:21,146 --> 00:32:22,837
really proves anything.

816
00:32:22,941 --> 00:32:25,529
I mean, have you tried tearing
raw meat with your canines?

817
00:32:25,633 --> 00:32:27,704
Because some people actually
have, and it's not easy.

818
00:32:27,807 --> 00:32:29,499
[computer keyboard clacking]

819
00:32:29,602 --> 00:32:31,846
It's not what our
teeth are designed for.

820
00:32:31,950 --> 00:32:35,332
They're built for crushing
and grinding, not for slicing.

821
00:32:35,436 --> 00:32:36,644
That's why they
move side to side.

822
00:32:36,747 --> 00:32:38,301
But what about this argument

823
00:32:38,404 --> 00:32:39,958
that we're all part
of the animal kingdom

824
00:32:40,061 --> 00:32:41,200
and we should follow
the lead of the big cats

825
00:32:41,304 --> 00:32:42,822
and other predators?

826
00:32:42,926 --> 00:32:44,548
I mean, they're
not vegan, right?

827
00:32:44,652 --> 00:32:48,518
- And I'm just gonna say
absolutely, they're not vegan.

828
00:32:48,621 --> 00:32:51,003
And they'll kill each
other for their survival.

829
00:32:52,073 --> 00:32:54,524
But animals also
don't fly planes.

830
00:32:54,627 --> 00:32:55,628
They don't go to space.

831
00:32:55,732 --> 00:32:58,114
They don't have Amazon delivery.

832
00:32:58,217 --> 00:33:01,496
So, to compare us to the animals

833
00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:03,222
doesn't really work
as an argument.

834
00:33:03,326 --> 00:33:05,466
- [Tom] What were our
ancestors' diets like?

835
00:33:05,569 --> 00:33:06,536
Was it all meat?

836
00:33:06,639 --> 00:33:07,537
Did they eat plants?

837
00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:08,607
What about whole grains?

838
00:33:08,710 --> 00:33:10,022
Does it even matter?

839
00:33:10,126 --> 00:33:12,197
- The take-home message
is that these hominins,

840
00:33:12,300 --> 00:33:15,165
they would eat whatever they
could get in their mouth

841
00:33:15,269 --> 00:33:17,961
and get some
nutritional value from.

842
00:33:18,065 --> 00:33:19,376
- Our ancestors ate to survive.

843
00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:22,552
They ate meat and
plants for that reason.

844
00:33:22,655 --> 00:33:24,795
And probably more plants
than most people realize.

845
00:33:24,899 --> 00:33:26,176
There's also evidence to suggest

846
00:33:26,280 --> 00:33:29,179
we've been eating whole
grains for 100,000 years.

847
00:33:29,283 --> 00:33:31,595
But even if there wasn't any
evidence to suggest that,

848
00:33:31,699 --> 00:33:33,114
who cares?

849
00:33:33,218 --> 00:33:34,943
Our ancestors were trying
to make it to the next meal

850
00:33:35,047 --> 00:33:36,462
and avoid starvation.

851
00:33:36,566 --> 00:33:38,809
Humans today live in a
much more complex society

852
00:33:38,913 --> 00:33:40,052
than our ancestors.

853
00:33:40,156 --> 00:33:42,054
We ask moral and
ethical questions.

854
00:33:42,158 --> 00:33:43,814
We want to know what's
good for the planet.

855
00:33:43,918 --> 00:33:44,988
What's good for us.

856
00:33:45,092 --> 00:33:46,541
What's good for our wallet.

857
00:33:46,645 --> 00:33:48,681
Here in the West, we're trying
to avoid the chronic diseases

858
00:33:48,785 --> 00:33:49,993
that are our biggest killers,

859
00:33:50,097 --> 00:33:51,615
so doesn't it make
sense to eat the foods

860
00:33:51,719 --> 00:33:53,031
that help them achieve that,

861
00:33:53,134 --> 00:33:55,205
regardless of how many of
them our ancestors ate?

862
00:33:55,309 --> 00:33:57,173
I mean, there's so much
evidence for eating a diet

863
00:33:57,276 --> 00:33:59,037
that's rich in plants
and whole grains,

864
00:33:59,140 --> 00:34:00,900
so would it really
matter one way or another

865
00:34:01,004 --> 00:34:04,180
if our ancestors, 150,000
years ago, didn't eat them?

866
00:34:05,319 --> 00:34:07,114
[cell phone buzzing]

867
00:34:07,217 --> 00:34:09,047
[groans] I'm tryna sleep here.

868
00:34:10,220 --> 00:34:12,429
[Tom sighs]

869
00:34:12,533 --> 00:34:14,017
- [Cody] Hey up,
it's Cody again.

870
00:34:14,121 --> 00:34:15,984
I've just thought of
a fourth one actually:

871
00:34:16,088 --> 00:34:17,676
It's vegan food.

872
00:34:17,779 --> 00:34:19,850
It's foul, honestly.

873
00:34:19,954 --> 00:34:20,955
Anyway, I'll say that-

874
00:34:21,059 --> 00:34:23,509
[light thoughtful music]

875
00:34:23,613 --> 00:34:25,615
- [Tom] Is vegan
food terrible then?

876
00:34:25,718 --> 00:34:27,444
How come so many people
are genuinely surprised

877
00:34:27,548 --> 00:34:28,411
when they eat something vegan

878
00:34:28,514 --> 00:34:30,275
and find they actually like it?

879
00:34:30,378 --> 00:34:31,241
- "Oh, that's not bad.

880
00:34:31,345 --> 00:34:32,932
This is vegan food?"

881
00:34:33,036 --> 00:34:35,245
And slowly you start
to see them open up

882
00:34:35,349 --> 00:34:37,178
and go, "Oh, I
could probably do...

883
00:34:37,282 --> 00:34:38,317
What's the name of that one?

884
00:34:38,421 --> 00:34:39,215
Is that recipe in
this book here?

885
00:34:39,318 --> 00:34:40,250
Okay, great."

886
00:34:40,354 --> 00:34:42,149
And when they taste the food

887
00:34:42,252 --> 00:34:44,012
and realize that
it's really tasty,

888
00:34:44,116 --> 00:34:46,981
then they kinda go, "And this
is gonna make me healthier?"

889
00:34:47,085 --> 00:34:48,051
- "It's affordable.

890
00:34:48,155 --> 00:34:49,397
This is gonna make
me lose weight.

891
00:34:49,501 --> 00:34:50,743
This is gonna help
me lower cholesterol.

892
00:34:50,847 --> 00:34:51,951
This is gonna fill me up.

893
00:34:52,055 --> 00:34:54,057
This is gonna make
me have more money.

894
00:34:54,161 --> 00:34:56,508
And it's gonna save me
on healthcare costs."

895
00:34:56,611 --> 00:34:58,303
And suddenly, you
start realizing

896
00:34:58,406 --> 00:35:01,133
how much this can affect
your life in a positive way.

897
00:35:01,237 --> 00:35:03,411
Suddenly, you go, "Oh, I'm
gonna do more of this."

898
00:35:03,515 --> 00:35:05,551
- [Tom] I was fortunate to
spend some time with them,

899
00:35:05,655 --> 00:35:07,277
get an idea of how
they approach cooking,

900
00:35:07,381 --> 00:35:09,693
and also put together a
couple of delicious meals.

901
00:35:09,797 --> 00:35:12,006
- Typically, you're
using fresh ingredients.

902
00:35:12,110 --> 00:35:13,939
You're using herbs,
you're using spices,

903
00:35:14,042 --> 00:35:15,699
you're using things in season.

904
00:35:15,803 --> 00:35:18,392
As a society, we're
very addicted to a
certain type of food.

905
00:35:18,495 --> 00:35:20,842
And it's not until you
can wean yourself off that

906
00:35:20,946 --> 00:35:23,086
that you can stand back
and go, "Oh, my goodness!

907
00:35:23,190 --> 00:35:24,915
Like, I was
sacrificing my health.

908
00:35:25,019 --> 00:35:26,745
I was sacrificing
my well-being."

909
00:35:26,848 --> 00:35:30,990
Now it tasted good, but this
food can taste even better.

910
00:35:31,094 --> 00:35:32,544
- [Tom] These meals
were quick and easy,

911
00:35:32,647 --> 00:35:33,959
like their Philly steak sandwich

912
00:35:34,062 --> 00:35:35,823
made from lion's mane mushroom

913
00:35:35,926 --> 00:35:38,412
or their famous
five-minute chickpea curry.

914
00:35:38,515 --> 00:35:40,828
Let me tell you,
they're both delicious.

915
00:35:40,931 --> 00:35:42,864
- What vegan or whole-food
plant-based offers

916
00:35:42,968 --> 00:35:45,384
is food that tastes amazing,
leaves you feeling good,

917
00:35:45,488 --> 00:35:46,834
having more energy.

918
00:35:46,937 --> 00:35:49,630
- Most people have this
one-dimensional view of veganism

919
00:35:49,733 --> 00:35:53,289
as people who eat salads all
day, which is totally wrong.

920
00:35:53,392 --> 00:35:55,187
You know, you have people
from different cultures

921
00:35:55,291 --> 00:35:58,259
and backgrounds who
eat a variety of meals

922
00:35:58,363 --> 00:36:01,331
which are nutritious,
healthy, filling.

923
00:36:01,435 --> 00:36:04,127
- [Tom] In fact, it only
takes a quick internet search,

924
00:36:04,231 --> 00:36:05,404
and you'll find countless people

925
00:36:05,508 --> 00:36:07,682
cooking up the most
delicious vegan meals.

926
00:36:09,201 --> 00:36:11,030
I also frequently hear that
people could never go vegan

927
00:36:11,134 --> 00:36:12,584
because it's too difficult,

928
00:36:12,687 --> 00:36:14,241
that they wouldn't know
what to cook at home,

929
00:36:14,344 --> 00:36:16,243
and they wouldn't be
able to shop or eat out.

930
00:36:16,346 --> 00:36:17,347
So how hard is it?

931
00:36:17,451 --> 00:36:20,350
[groovy upbeat music]

932
00:36:20,454 --> 00:36:23,284
Believe it or not, I'm
not a professional chef,

933
00:36:23,388 --> 00:36:26,045
but to create delicious,
healthy, and quick vegan meals,

934
00:36:26,149 --> 00:36:27,599
you really don't need to be.

935
00:36:28,841 --> 00:36:31,258
Experiment with it;
start with one-pot meals.

936
00:36:31,361 --> 00:36:32,880
Think of your favorite
cuisines and dishes;

937
00:36:32,983 --> 00:36:35,434
they will almost always
be flavored with plants,

938
00:36:35,538 --> 00:36:37,781
so play around with
herbs and spices.

939
00:36:37,885 --> 00:36:38,920
Everything I'm cooking here

940
00:36:39,024 --> 00:36:40,888
can be done in 15
minutes or less,

941
00:36:40,991 --> 00:36:43,442
and most can be batch-cooked
to save time later.

942
00:36:45,064 --> 00:36:46,928
You don't need to miss out
on the foods you love either.

943
00:36:47,032 --> 00:36:48,723
Put the word vegan in front
of your favorite dishes

944
00:36:48,827 --> 00:36:50,794
and just see how many
recipes it brings up.

945
00:36:50,898 --> 00:36:52,934
♪ You are

946
00:36:56,662 --> 00:36:58,733
- [Tom] And what about
shopping and eating out?

947
00:36:58,837 --> 00:36:59,631
How hard is it?

948
00:36:59,734 --> 00:37:01,909
In the UK, every
major supermarket

949
00:37:02,012 --> 00:37:03,462
now has a full vegan range.

950
00:37:03,566 --> 00:37:05,223
There's over 14,000 vegan

951
00:37:05,326 --> 00:37:07,880
or vegan-friendly
restaurants in England alone.

952
00:37:07,984 --> 00:37:11,712
And in the US, 48%
of restaurants serve
vegan dishes now.

953
00:37:11,815 --> 00:37:13,472
And it isn't just
the UK and the US;

954
00:37:13,576 --> 00:37:15,509
veganism has gone truly global.

955
00:37:15,612 --> 00:37:17,649
The top five vegan-friendly
cities in the world

956
00:37:17,752 --> 00:37:19,720
are now spread across
four continents,

957
00:37:19,823 --> 00:37:22,550
and there's over
186,000 businesses

958
00:37:22,654 --> 00:37:25,967
from 180 countries on
the Happy Cow platform.

959
00:37:26,071 --> 00:37:29,971
It has never been easier
to eat or cook vegan.

960
00:37:30,075 --> 00:37:32,008
But what of the meat
alternatives on the market?

961
00:37:32,111 --> 00:37:33,354
How convincing are they?

962
00:37:33,458 --> 00:37:35,425
Sure, we know if it's
the health benefits

963
00:37:35,529 --> 00:37:36,633
you're striving for,

964
00:37:36,737 --> 00:37:38,773
then whole plant foods
are always better.

965
00:37:38,877 --> 00:37:40,396
But what if you
just wanna feel like

966
00:37:40,499 --> 00:37:42,984
you're tucking into your
favorite burger or chicken dish?

967
00:37:43,088 --> 00:37:46,574
As it happened, I had a
little experiment planned.

968
00:37:46,678 --> 00:37:48,680
I have to present people
with three dishes,

969
00:37:48,783 --> 00:37:50,958
telling them one's
meat and two are vegan.

970
00:37:51,061 --> 00:37:53,029
I wanna know if people
can tell the difference.

971
00:37:53,132 --> 00:37:55,445
Let's see how good these
meat alternatives really are.

972
00:37:55,549 --> 00:37:56,826
It quickly became apparent

973
00:37:56,929 --> 00:37:59,622
that not only did
everybody like the food,

974
00:37:59,725 --> 00:38:02,521
they also kept choosing
different options
as the meat dish.

975
00:38:02,625 --> 00:38:04,074
- Maybe the burger.

976
00:38:04,178 --> 00:38:05,559
- Yeah, I'd probably say burger.

977
00:38:05,662 --> 00:38:06,836
- Okay.

978
00:38:06,939 --> 00:38:08,251
- I was torn between the
sausage and the chicken.

979
00:38:08,355 --> 00:38:11,461
- I think the chicken was meat.

980
00:38:11,565 --> 00:38:13,256
- Yeah, I'd probably
say a burger then.

981
00:38:13,360 --> 00:38:15,189
- I'd say the
sausage was the meat.

982
00:38:15,293 --> 00:38:16,466
- Okay.
- Yeah.

983
00:38:16,570 --> 00:38:18,261
- The reason why I chose
chicken as being chicken

984
00:38:18,365 --> 00:38:20,401
is 'cause it looks fibrous.

985
00:38:20,505 --> 00:38:21,678
- Would it surprise
you if I told you

986
00:38:21,782 --> 00:38:24,647
that they're all vegan? [laughs]

987
00:38:24,750 --> 00:38:25,993
- It would to me, it would.

988
00:38:26,096 --> 00:38:27,235
That burger was great.

989
00:38:27,339 --> 00:38:28,064
Really, really.

990
00:38:28,167 --> 00:38:29,341
Yeah.

991
00:38:29,445 --> 00:38:31,723
- I actually preferred
that chicken to chicken.

992
00:38:31,826 --> 00:38:32,931
- Oh, did you?
[group laughs]

993
00:38:33,034 --> 00:38:34,277
- And if it wasn't meat,

994
00:38:34,381 --> 00:38:35,761
it's much better than
I thought it would be.

995
00:38:35,865 --> 00:38:37,591
- Well, I thought the
burger was fascinating

996
00:38:37,694 --> 00:38:39,696
'cause it was actually
a better burger

997
00:38:39,800 --> 00:38:41,008
than a meat burger was.
[Tom laughs]

998
00:38:41,111 --> 00:38:43,804
- It was, yeah.
- The sausage is my favorite.

999
00:38:43,907 --> 00:38:44,839
So that's number one.

1000
00:38:46,151 --> 00:38:47,014
- That's what surprised me.

1001
00:38:47,117 --> 00:38:48,222
It was all really, really nice,

1002
00:38:48,326 --> 00:38:51,536
and it was a guess
which wasn't the meat.

1003
00:38:51,639 --> 00:38:52,916
I didn't have a clue.

1004
00:38:53,020 --> 00:38:54,642
- Now, this was just a
fun little experiment.

1005
00:38:54,746 --> 00:38:55,850
I really just wanted to know

1006
00:38:55,954 --> 00:38:56,955
if the meat alternatives
on the market

1007
00:38:57,058 --> 00:38:58,577
were convincing enough
to make people believe

1008
00:38:58,681 --> 00:39:00,545
they were actually eating meat.

1009
00:39:00,648 --> 00:39:01,925
And it seemed to work.

1010
00:39:02,029 --> 00:39:03,582
If nothing else, I
think we can agree

1011
00:39:03,686 --> 00:39:06,551
these meat alternatives are
pretty damn good these days.

1012
00:39:06,654 --> 00:39:08,207
What about baking?

1013
00:39:08,311 --> 00:39:10,313
I hear a lot of people tell
me they could never go vegan

1014
00:39:10,417 --> 00:39:12,315
because they love
baking too much.

1015
00:39:12,419 --> 00:39:13,972
Well, thankfully,
my friend, Steph,

1016
00:39:14,075 --> 00:39:16,906
happens to run an incredible
vegan bakery business.

1017
00:39:17,009 --> 00:39:19,080
And better yet, she
invited me over to test out

1018
00:39:19,184 --> 00:39:21,704
some of the delicious
treats she was baking.

1019
00:39:21,807 --> 00:39:23,602
Now, obviously,
this is pretty far

1020
00:39:23,706 --> 00:39:26,502
from the whole food goodness I
was previously talking about,

1021
00:39:26,605 --> 00:39:27,951
but it's good to know
that on those occasions

1022
00:39:28,055 --> 00:39:30,160
where you wanna treat yourself
to a cake or a muffin,

1023
00:39:30,264 --> 00:39:31,610
you won't be missing out.

1024
00:39:31,714 --> 00:39:35,718
[upbeat electronic pop music]

1025
00:39:43,588 --> 00:39:48,351
[upbeat electronic
pop music continues]

1026
00:39:48,455 --> 00:39:49,732
Steph uses ground flax

1027
00:39:49,835 --> 00:39:52,631
to recreate the same
effect an egg might have.

1028
00:39:52,735 --> 00:39:54,875
While this is clearly
not a health food,

1029
00:39:54,978 --> 00:39:56,497
there's no denying
it's delicious,

1030
00:39:56,601 --> 00:39:58,154
and it shows how
creative vegan bakers

1031
00:39:58,257 --> 00:39:59,707
are becoming in the kitchen.

1032
00:40:00,812 --> 00:40:04,609
[upbeat electronic
pop music continues]

1033
00:40:04,712 --> 00:40:05,264
I'm gonna make a mess.

1034
00:40:05,368 --> 00:40:06,438
- Okay.

1035
00:40:10,408 --> 00:40:11,788
- Mmm!

1036
00:40:11,892 --> 00:40:12,479
Oh, my word!

1037
00:40:12,582 --> 00:40:14,791
[Stephanie chuckles]

1038
00:40:14,895 --> 00:40:16,172
It's so good!

1039
00:40:16,275 --> 00:40:17,484
- Thank you.

1040
00:40:17,587 --> 00:40:19,693
- [Tom] In fact, I like
Steph's baking so much

1041
00:40:19,796 --> 00:40:22,005
that I asked her to bake
the cake for my wedding.

1042
00:40:23,662 --> 00:40:25,319
- Most people have so many
barriers in their heads

1043
00:40:25,423 --> 00:40:26,976
and so many kind of
resistance to it,

1044
00:40:27,079 --> 00:40:28,909
and it's really taking
that simple step

1045
00:40:29,012 --> 00:40:30,117
and trying these things.

1046
00:40:30,220 --> 00:40:31,325
- This starts with you.

1047
00:40:31,429 --> 00:40:32,878
Your food choices,

1048
00:40:32,982 --> 00:40:36,123
you make every single meal
support the world that we want.

1049
00:40:36,226 --> 00:40:37,262
- [Tom] Round two.

1050
00:40:37,365 --> 00:40:38,436
Bench.

1051
00:40:39,713 --> 00:40:40,955
[sparse tense music]

1052
00:40:41,059 --> 00:40:42,440
Susanna managed 105

1053
00:40:42,543 --> 00:40:45,650
and 110 kilograms on
the first two lifts.

1054
00:40:45,753 --> 00:40:48,549
She's going for 115 kilograms
on the third attempt.

1055
00:40:48,653 --> 00:40:50,137
[audience cheering]

1056
00:40:50,240 --> 00:40:51,000
[weights clanking]

1057
00:40:51,103 --> 00:40:53,278
[audience applauding]

1058
00:40:53,381 --> 00:40:56,039
Sophia's chasing,
trying to close the gap.

1059
00:40:57,800 --> 00:40:59,526
She managed a 107.5

1060
00:40:59,629 --> 00:41:02,701
and 112. 5 kilograms
in the first two lifts.

1061
00:41:02,805 --> 00:41:05,532
She's going for a personal
best and a new British record

1062
00:41:05,635 --> 00:41:09,881
on a third attempt with
a massive 118 kilograms.

1063
00:41:09,984 --> 00:41:13,919
[upbeat electro-pop music]
[people chattering]

1064
00:41:14,023 --> 00:41:17,060
- [Judge] Go!

1065
00:41:17,164 --> 00:41:20,063
[audience yelling]

1066
00:41:20,167 --> 00:41:21,168
[weights clanking]

1067
00:41:21,271 --> 00:41:23,653
- [Announcer] Put some
weights on the bar!

1068
00:41:23,757 --> 00:41:24,965
Three lead weights!

1069
00:41:25,068 --> 00:41:26,000
Good lift!

1070
00:41:26,104 --> 00:41:28,071
New British record!

1071
00:41:28,175 --> 00:41:31,005
- And she gets it, but it
hardly makes a dent on the lead.

1072
00:41:32,351 --> 00:41:35,285
Sophia still sits
in third place.

1073
00:41:35,389 --> 00:41:38,530
[tense techno music]

1074
00:41:41,326 --> 00:41:42,534
[birds chirping]

1075
00:41:42,638 --> 00:41:47,056
So, I'm about to go
for my leg with Mike.

1076
00:41:48,298 --> 00:41:51,267
And in all honesty, I'm
absolutely knackered.

1077
00:41:51,370 --> 00:41:54,132
I've not done any running,
but I've just not slept.

1078
00:41:54,235 --> 00:41:55,409
I've not slept at all.

1079
00:41:55,513 --> 00:41:56,583
I can only imagine
how he's feeling.

1080
00:41:56,686 --> 00:41:57,756
Mike's coming up
to halfway through.

1081
00:41:57,860 --> 00:41:59,931
Yeah, he's about 100K in.

1082
00:42:01,277 --> 00:42:03,969
From the last checkpoint, he
was now ahead of schedule.

1083
00:42:04,073 --> 00:42:08,318
But honestly, he's
so happy, so upbeat.

1084
00:42:08,422 --> 00:42:10,286
He's genuinely quite inspiring

1085
00:42:10,389 --> 00:42:12,012
every time he comes
back to the van.

1086
00:42:13,323 --> 00:42:15,429
I'm gonna go with him, try
to keep his morale high.

1087
00:42:15,533 --> 00:42:18,674
Try not to ruin his pacing
and ruin the entire challenge,

1088
00:42:18,777 --> 00:42:20,883
'cause, at the moment,
he's smashing it.

1089
00:42:20,986 --> 00:42:22,263
I was having a great time.

1090
00:42:22,367 --> 00:42:24,093
And Mike was still
in good spirits.

1091
00:42:24,196 --> 00:42:26,060
Although I can
tell he was tiring,

1092
00:42:26,164 --> 00:42:29,236
which is to be expected
given how far he was running.

1093
00:42:29,339 --> 00:42:30,755
He was still around one
hour ahead of the record,

1094
00:42:30,858 --> 00:42:32,653
but the buffer he'd built up

1095
00:42:32,757 --> 00:42:34,655
was definitely
starting to reduce.

1096
00:42:37,278 --> 00:42:38,072
That's stunning.

1097
00:42:41,904 --> 00:42:44,769
[camera rattling]
[foliage rustling]

1098
00:42:44,872 --> 00:42:46,080
Nearly fell off the cliff!

1099
00:42:48,324 --> 00:42:49,567
Enjoy. See ya.

1100
00:42:53,847 --> 00:42:57,402
Then once again, he's off with
around 100 kilometers to go.

1101
00:42:57,505 --> 00:42:59,266
So, no big deal then.

1102
00:43:02,476 --> 00:43:04,064
Back in the far
south of England,

1103
00:43:04,167 --> 00:43:06,722
where people can't really
understand my accent,

1104
00:43:06,825 --> 00:43:09,207
Paul and I were
powering on in the 50K.

1105
00:43:09,310 --> 00:43:12,106
[upbeat rock music]

1106
00:43:20,943 --> 00:43:23,048
As if doing a 50K
ultra isn't enough,

1107
00:43:23,152 --> 00:43:26,742
Paul insisted on doing 25
press-ups at each aid station.

1108
00:43:26,845 --> 00:43:28,122
Just hit the five-hour mark.

1109
00:43:29,607 --> 00:43:32,161
Nearly 40 miles in, and
Paul's absolutely smashing it.

1110
00:43:34,128 --> 00:43:37,407
[upbeat rock music continues]

1111
00:43:37,511 --> 00:43:38,650
Halfway through, Paul?

1112
00:43:39,686 --> 00:43:40,859
- Halfway, mate, eh?

1113
00:43:40,963 --> 00:43:42,343
We made the halfway mark.

1114
00:43:42,447 --> 00:43:43,621
- [Tom] [chuckles] Feeling good?

1115
00:43:43,724 --> 00:43:44,829
- I'm feeling great, mate.

1116
00:43:44,932 --> 00:43:45,830
Yeah.

1117
00:43:50,248 --> 00:43:51,698
We made it to halfway.

1118
00:43:53,838 --> 00:43:56,668
- [Tom] Before I knew it, we
were into the second half.

1119
00:43:56,772 --> 00:43:58,049
Over five hours in,

1120
00:43:58,152 --> 00:44:00,051
we were back climbing
up a bloody big hill.

1121
00:44:00,983 --> 00:44:04,193
[wind whistling]
[birds chirping]

1122
00:44:04,296 --> 00:44:07,955
[upbeat heavy rock music]

1123
00:44:09,647 --> 00:44:12,719
[cell phone buzzing]

1124
00:44:17,516 --> 00:44:18,966
[light thoughtful music]

1125
00:44:19,070 --> 00:44:23,453
Bacon, for over 3 1/2 centuries,
people have been eating it.

1126
00:44:25,110 --> 00:44:27,457
In Canada, 43% of people would
rather eat it than have sex.

1127
00:44:27,561 --> 00:44:28,838
Which begs the question:

1128
00:44:28,942 --> 00:44:32,048
how are those 43% of
people doing sex in Canada?

1129
00:44:32,152 --> 00:44:34,119
I need to go back to the start.

1130
00:44:34,223 --> 00:44:36,604
I need to see how
this becomes this.

1131
00:44:36,708 --> 00:44:37,916
[pan sizzling]

1132
00:44:38,020 --> 00:44:39,124
I need to see a typical

1133
00:44:39,228 --> 00:44:41,195
Red Tractor-assured
pig farm in the UK,

1134
00:44:41,299 --> 00:44:42,714
not one, that might
show up on the BBC

1135
00:44:42,818 --> 00:44:44,129
or Guardian for malpractice

1136
00:44:44,233 --> 00:44:46,753
and then discarded as a
bad apple of the industry.

1137
00:44:47,719 --> 00:44:48,996
I know a Red Tractor represents

1138
00:44:49,100 --> 00:44:50,998
a world-leading food
chain assurance scheme

1139
00:44:51,102 --> 00:44:55,002
that underpins the high standard
of British food and drink,

1140
00:44:55,106 --> 00:44:56,970
and it's a place
where animal welfare

1141
00:44:57,073 --> 00:45:01,215
is the number one priority
for all livestock farmers.

1142
00:45:01,319 --> 00:45:02,596
Because I also wanted
to get to the bottom

1143
00:45:02,700 --> 00:45:03,977
of another argument:

1144
00:45:04,080 --> 00:45:06,082
"We give the animals
a good life."

1145
00:45:06,186 --> 00:45:08,257
I mean, the UK has the best

1146
00:45:08,360 --> 00:45:10,017
animal welfare
standards in the world,

1147
00:45:10,121 --> 00:45:12,779
significantly better than
the US, Canada, France,

1148
00:45:12,882 --> 00:45:15,057
Germany, and Australia.

1149
00:45:15,160 --> 00:45:17,956
The National Farmers Union
are quite proud of this fact,

1150
00:45:18,060 --> 00:45:21,097
so if animals are gonna get a
good life anywhere, it's here.

1151
00:45:21,891 --> 00:45:23,168
[bird squawks]

1152
00:45:23,272 --> 00:45:24,652
So I went undercover
to a pig farm,

1153
00:45:24,756 --> 00:45:26,862
and one thing I
quickly discovered

1154
00:45:26,965 --> 00:45:29,243
is there's three stages
to the life of a pig.

1155
00:45:29,865 --> 00:45:32,764
[pigs snorting]

1156
00:45:33,592 --> 00:45:35,767
Stage one, farrowing crates.

1157
00:45:35,871 --> 00:45:39,460
[tense uneasy music]

1158
00:45:39,564 --> 00:45:42,532
[pigs snorting]

1159
00:45:42,636 --> 00:45:45,087
Stage two, weaner pigs.

1160
00:45:45,190 --> 00:45:47,986
[pigs squealing]

1161
00:45:51,576 --> 00:45:54,234
Stage three, fattening pens.

1162
00:45:58,203 --> 00:45:59,653
One of the rebuttals
against veganism I hear

1163
00:45:59,757 --> 00:46:03,001
is that, as an individual, you
won't make any impact alone.

1164
00:46:03,105 --> 00:46:04,416
If everyone else
continues eating animals,

1165
00:46:04,520 --> 00:46:05,486
then what's the point?

1166
00:46:06,867 --> 00:46:08,524
Staring into the eyes
of this individual,

1167
00:46:08,627 --> 00:46:11,078
I'd never felt more strongly
against that sentiment.

1168
00:46:11,182 --> 00:46:12,977
In fact, switching
to a plant-based diet

1169
00:46:13,080 --> 00:46:14,633
saves at least 100
animals a year,

1170
00:46:14,737 --> 00:46:17,636
meaning thousands of animals
over the course of a lifetime.

1171
00:46:17,740 --> 00:46:19,777
Is that really not
making a difference?

1172
00:46:21,226 --> 00:46:22,849
That night I couldn't sleep.

1173
00:46:22,952 --> 00:46:25,541
I couldn't shake the
last pig from my mind.

1174
00:46:25,644 --> 00:46:26,956
The way they looked at me,

1175
00:46:27,060 --> 00:46:28,889
they were the saddest
eyes I've ever seen.

1176
00:46:28,993 --> 00:46:31,996
I had so many other
questions as well.

1177
00:46:32,099 --> 00:46:33,721
What happened to the mum?

1178
00:46:33,825 --> 00:46:35,620
Where was the enrichment
I'd heard so much about?

1179
00:46:35,723 --> 00:46:37,691
And why was I reading about
cases of tail docking,

1180
00:46:37,795 --> 00:46:40,936
teeth clipping, castration,
and thumping in the country

1181
00:46:41,039 --> 00:46:43,593
with the highest welfare
standards in the world?

1182
00:46:43,697 --> 00:46:44,871
What even is thumping?

1183
00:46:45,975 --> 00:46:47,252
I decided to call it a night,

1184
00:46:47,356 --> 00:46:49,565
reminding myself that
these are indoor pigs.

1185
00:46:49,668 --> 00:46:52,050
I know there's such a
thing as outdoor-bred pigs

1186
00:46:52,154 --> 00:46:53,569
with better welfare standards,

1187
00:46:53,672 --> 00:46:55,364
and that's what people
frequently tell me they buy

1188
00:46:55,467 --> 00:46:58,436
to avoid supporting
factory farms.

1189
00:46:58,539 --> 00:47:01,370
But the more I read,
the more shocked I was.

1190
00:47:01,473 --> 00:47:05,477
98.3% of pigs in the
US are factory-farmed.

1191
00:47:05,581 --> 00:47:10,413
In the EU, over 75% are in
large commercial holdings.

1192
00:47:11,173 --> 00:47:12,277
What confused me even more

1193
00:47:12,381 --> 00:47:13,761
was the definition
of "outdoor bred."

1194
00:47:13,865 --> 00:47:15,556
It simply means the
pigs are born outdoors

1195
00:47:15,660 --> 00:47:18,111
and can then be brought
indoors after four weeks.

1196
00:47:18,214 --> 00:47:19,422
It also doesn't necessarily mean

1197
00:47:19,526 --> 00:47:21,114
they have access to
grass to graze on,

1198
00:47:21,217 --> 00:47:23,599
as apparently, a concrete
yard would suffice.

1199
00:47:23,702 --> 00:47:25,014
Do people know this?

1200
00:47:25,118 --> 00:47:28,052
If so, why even bother
buying outdoor-bred animals?

1201
00:47:28,155 --> 00:47:31,055
But when a journalist asked
the then CEO of Red Tractor,

1202
00:47:31,158 --> 00:47:32,263
he answered the question with,

1203
00:47:32,366 --> 00:47:34,127
"The advantages are some people

1204
00:47:34,230 --> 00:47:35,438
are prepared to pay more for it

1205
00:47:35,542 --> 00:47:38,027
because they think
it's better welfare."

1206
00:47:38,131 --> 00:47:39,580
Are you seriously telling me

1207
00:47:39,684 --> 00:47:42,583
this is the best quality of
animal welfare in the world?

1208
00:47:42,687 --> 00:47:43,791
I'm not sure I'm convinced.

1209
00:47:43,895 --> 00:47:45,310
[pigs squealing]

1210
00:47:45,414 --> 00:47:47,865
The next morning, my alarm
clock woke me to take Chan out.

1211
00:47:47,968 --> 00:47:50,384
Only in my day's slumber,
it sounded different.

1212
00:47:50,488 --> 00:47:51,869
It sounded like
pigs screaming out,

1213
00:47:51,972 --> 00:47:53,629
the same pigs I'd
seen the night before,

1214
00:47:53,732 --> 00:47:55,113
and they didn't sound happy.

1215
00:47:55,217 --> 00:47:56,425
And that stuck with me.

1216
00:47:57,633 --> 00:47:59,497
The thing is, I know
when Chan sounds happy

1217
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:00,774
and when he doesn't.

1218
00:48:00,878 --> 00:48:02,396
I'm sure most people
with companion animals

1219
00:48:02,500 --> 00:48:03,811
wish they could talk
to them at some point

1220
00:48:03,915 --> 00:48:05,468
just for confirmation.

1221
00:48:05,572 --> 00:48:07,470
As it happens, I stumbled
across an article

1222
00:48:07,574 --> 00:48:09,541
talking about how
researchers in Copenhagen

1223
00:48:09,645 --> 00:48:10,957
were doing exactly this,

1224
00:48:11,060 --> 00:48:12,406
and it was fascinating.

1225
00:48:13,994 --> 00:48:15,858
So what sort of situations
deliver these positive

1226
00:48:15,962 --> 00:48:17,411
and negative responses?

1227
00:48:17,515 --> 00:48:19,379
- So, the situations
we used in our study

1228
00:48:19,482 --> 00:48:21,760
that were positive:

1229
00:48:21,864 --> 00:48:23,797
So we had enrichment,
for example.

1230
00:48:23,901 --> 00:48:28,940
So pigs together in a family
arena, where they had toys,

1231
00:48:30,079 --> 00:48:32,116
and food, and water,
and could just explore.

1232
00:48:32,219 --> 00:48:33,703
So, the negative emotions we had

1233
00:48:33,807 --> 00:48:37,984
were, for example, obvious
ones in the life of a pig,

1234
00:48:38,087 --> 00:48:39,537
so castration,

1235
00:48:39,640 --> 00:48:42,160
eventually at the end of
the life, slaughterhouse.

1236
00:48:42,264 --> 00:48:44,749
In piglets, we had when piglets

1237
00:48:44,852 --> 00:48:46,440
are being crushed
by their mother,

1238
00:48:46,544 --> 00:48:48,718
when they miss nursing,
when they fight.

1239
00:48:48,822 --> 00:48:49,961
- [Tom] I'll be honest,

1240
00:48:50,065 --> 00:48:52,101
I wasn't overly
surprised by any of this.

1241
00:48:52,205 --> 00:48:55,242
So what did the negative
emotional responses sound like?

1242
00:48:55,346 --> 00:48:57,865
- Then we have examples
of more negative sounds,

1243
00:48:57,969 --> 00:49:00,592
like piglet castration.

1244
00:49:00,696 --> 00:49:01,800
[piglet screeching]

1245
00:49:01,904 --> 00:49:04,562
That's very high
pitch and very long.

1246
00:49:04,665 --> 00:49:07,185
- [Tom] Versus a positive
emotional response.

1247
00:49:07,289 --> 00:49:09,118
- And then we have
reunion with littermates,

1248
00:49:09,222 --> 00:49:11,707
so piglets being reunited.

1249
00:49:11,810 --> 00:49:13,260
[piglet grunts]

1250
00:49:13,364 --> 00:49:15,711
So, that's very short; that's
just a simple short grunt.

1251
00:49:15,814 --> 00:49:18,196
- [Tom] There really is a clear
difference in their sounds.

1252
00:49:18,300 --> 00:49:19,957
But what about how they behave?

1253
00:49:21,165 --> 00:49:22,580
I had to see pigs in a
different environment

1254
00:49:22,683 --> 00:49:24,858
to see how they compared to
what I'd seen undercover,

1255
00:49:24,962 --> 00:49:26,653
so I reached out to
an animal sanctuary.

1256
00:49:26,756 --> 00:49:30,312
[light thoughtful music]

1257
00:49:31,589 --> 00:49:33,418
These pigs clearly
look different;

1258
00:49:33,522 --> 00:49:35,144
they smell different,
they act different,

1259
00:49:35,248 --> 00:49:37,491
they sound different to
the ones at the farm.

1260
00:49:38,320 --> 00:49:39,562
In fact, they sound much closer

1261
00:49:39,666 --> 00:49:41,392
to the short grunts
shown to me by Elodie

1262
00:49:41,495 --> 00:49:43,704
when pigs were demonstrating
positive emotions.

1263
00:49:46,535 --> 00:49:47,743
And while I was
at the sanctuary,

1264
00:49:47,846 --> 00:49:48,916
I got to see various
other animals

1265
00:49:49,020 --> 00:49:50,677
living out their best lives.

1266
00:49:51,954 --> 00:49:53,266
And Katherine, who
runs the sanctuary,

1267
00:49:53,369 --> 00:49:54,922
also showed me some
chickens they'd rescued

1268
00:49:55,026 --> 00:49:56,683
from a nearby battery farm.

1269
00:49:56,786 --> 00:49:59,548
At least, I thought they
were from battery farms.

1270
00:50:01,032 --> 00:50:02,482
I know chickens have it rough.

1271
00:50:02,585 --> 00:50:04,277
They are the most
abused land animal

1272
00:50:04,380 --> 00:50:07,383
with 180 million
dying every day.

1273
00:50:07,487 --> 00:50:09,489
I'd done my research
on chickens long ago.

1274
00:50:09,592 --> 00:50:11,215
I knew that 95% of
broiler chickens

1275
00:50:11,318 --> 00:50:12,906
were factory-farmed in the UK

1276
00:50:13,010 --> 00:50:16,151
and a staggering
99.9% were in the US.

1277
00:50:16,254 --> 00:50:18,084
I knew that caged hens only
had the space equivalent

1278
00:50:18,187 --> 00:50:19,602
to the size of an iPad.

1279
00:50:19,706 --> 00:50:22,191
But because I knew that,
I never bought caged eggs.

1280
00:50:22,295 --> 00:50:23,606
I bought free-range.

1281
00:50:23,710 --> 00:50:26,368
Caged equals bad, free-range
equals good, right?

1282
00:50:26,471 --> 00:50:28,577
They don't suffer; they're free.

1283
00:50:28,680 --> 00:50:29,612
- All of these chickens,

1284
00:50:29,716 --> 00:50:31,718
whether they're coming
from a caged farm,

1285
00:50:31,821 --> 00:50:32,995
which we have rescued from,

1286
00:50:33,099 --> 00:50:34,548
whether they're
coming from a barn,

1287
00:50:34,652 --> 00:50:36,585
where they just don't go outside
but they're kept in a barn,

1288
00:50:36,688 --> 00:50:38,897
or whether they're coming
from free-range farms

1289
00:50:39,001 --> 00:50:40,658
and sometimes organic
free-range farms,

1290
00:50:40,761 --> 00:50:44,144
that people think is the
highest welfare imaginable,

1291
00:50:44,248 --> 00:50:48,804
they all come with a
lot of medical issues.

1292
00:50:48,907 --> 00:50:52,670
A lot of them featherless,
being pecked on by each other,

1293
00:50:52,773 --> 00:50:53,774
redraw.

1294
00:50:53,878 --> 00:50:55,017
They will have a lot of issues

1295
00:50:55,121 --> 00:50:56,363
with their reproductive systems.

1296
00:50:56,467 --> 00:50:58,020
They will have a lot
that are egg-bound,

1297
00:50:58,124 --> 00:50:59,573
which means the eggs get stuck.

1298
00:50:59,677 --> 00:51:03,163
They will have egg peritonitis,
have a lot of prolapses.

1299
00:51:03,267 --> 00:51:05,441
We have a lot of leg problems.

1300
00:51:05,545 --> 00:51:07,098
So a lot of them
will come in limping,

1301
00:51:07,202 --> 00:51:09,514
a lot of broken legs, a
lot of pulled muscles.

1302
00:51:10,791 --> 00:51:11,930
Of course, I don't know
if people know this,

1303
00:51:12,034 --> 00:51:14,657
but the way that is accepted
that you pick chickens up

1304
00:51:14,761 --> 00:51:15,934
is by the legs.

1305
00:51:16,038 --> 00:51:19,697
So when you are collecting
hens, they will bring out,

1306
00:51:19,800 --> 00:51:22,872
like, four or five hens,
sometimes, in one hand,

1307
00:51:22,976 --> 00:51:24,633
held by their legs.

1308
00:51:24,736 --> 00:51:25,737
And the Defra standard

1309
00:51:25,841 --> 00:51:28,464
is that you're supposed
to hold both legs.

1310
00:51:28,568 --> 00:51:29,914
- [Tom] Free-range
birds bread for meat

1311
00:51:30,017 --> 00:51:31,467
are kept alive for a meager

1312
00:51:31,571 --> 00:51:34,470
two to three weeks longer in
the UK than caged chickens.

1313
00:51:35,816 --> 00:51:38,198
They only have to be kept
outdoors for half their life

1314
00:51:38,302 --> 00:51:39,579
but when they're indoors,

1315
00:51:39,682 --> 00:51:42,996
they're allowed to house
13 birds per square meter.

1316
00:51:43,100 --> 00:51:46,103
That's only four less than the
17 limit for a caged chicken.

1317
00:51:46,206 --> 00:51:49,347
Real kicker for
the animal-loving
vegetarian I grew up as

1318
00:51:49,451 --> 00:51:50,624
was that free-range eggs

1319
00:51:50,728 --> 00:51:51,970
meant that the hence
could still be crammed

1320
00:51:52,074 --> 00:51:53,903
with up to nine chickens
per square meter

1321
00:51:54,007 --> 00:51:55,457
when indoors on a night.

1322
00:51:55,560 --> 00:51:57,804
And that most egg-laying
hens that don't die on farms

1323
00:51:57,907 --> 00:51:59,495
are killed for meat at 72 weeks

1324
00:51:59,599 --> 00:52:01,670
when they're not
fit to lay anymore.

1325
00:52:01,773 --> 00:52:03,775
It would seem to me
that the egg industry

1326
00:52:03,879 --> 00:52:05,639
is the meat industry.

1327
00:52:12,439 --> 00:52:13,337
- No.

1328
00:52:15,028 --> 00:52:17,617
I mean, we didn't know.

1329
00:52:18,963 --> 00:52:23,899
People think that free-range
equals high welfare.

1330
00:52:24,002 --> 00:52:26,281
It depends what your
definition of high welfare is.

1331
00:52:26,384 --> 00:52:27,558
- [Tom] Pondering
over what I'd learned

1332
00:52:27,661 --> 00:52:29,215
and witnessed myself
at the factory farm,

1333
00:52:29,318 --> 00:52:31,665
I met up with Dr. Alice
Brough, a former pig vet,

1334
00:52:31,769 --> 00:52:33,943
to discuss the
footage I'd captured.

1335
00:52:34,047 --> 00:52:37,706
- It's what you'd describe
as a typical farrowing house.

1336
00:52:37,809 --> 00:52:40,157
What we see here is
the length of the sow

1337
00:52:40,260 --> 00:52:42,400
is obviously, like, as long,

1338
00:52:42,504 --> 00:52:45,507
if not slightly too
large for the crate.

1339
00:52:45,610 --> 00:52:50,063
There are stereotypical
signs of stress behaviors,

1340
00:52:50,167 --> 00:52:52,686
and that's because the only
thing she has to do is eat.

1341
00:52:52,790 --> 00:52:53,756
It's really sad.

1342
00:52:53,860 --> 00:52:57,001
I mean, farrowing houses
are probably the saddest

1343
00:52:57,104 --> 00:52:58,658
places on farm, in my opinion.

1344
00:52:58,761 --> 00:53:01,178
She's obviously got, like, a
little bit of sawdust there,

1345
00:53:01,281 --> 00:53:04,111
which the law specifies
that you have to provide

1346
00:53:04,215 --> 00:53:06,459
some sort of nesting substrate,

1347
00:53:06,562 --> 00:53:08,668
which can literally
be a handful of paper,

1348
00:53:08,771 --> 00:53:10,187
and that will sort of-

1349
00:53:11,395 --> 00:53:12,741
- That will tick the box.
- Yes, so exactly.

1350
00:53:12,844 --> 00:53:13,880
That's what it is.

1351
00:53:13,983 --> 00:53:15,399
But I mean, that's better

1352
00:53:15,502 --> 00:53:18,022
than a lot of places I've seen,
to be honest, in providing

1353
00:53:18,125 --> 00:53:19,196
some substrate for them.
- Oh, really?

1354
00:53:19,299 --> 00:53:20,093
- [Alice] Yeah.

1355
00:53:20,197 --> 00:53:22,406
[somber thoughtful music]

1356
00:53:22,509 --> 00:53:25,132
- We also visited Pear
Tree Farm Animal Sanctuary.

1357
00:53:25,236 --> 00:53:28,964
- [Alice] So, immediately, we
see them rooting in the ground

1358
00:53:29,067 --> 00:53:33,071
with their snouts, which is
such a strongly motivated,

1359
00:53:33,175 --> 00:53:34,452
like, natural behavior for pigs.

1360
00:53:34,556 --> 00:53:35,488
That's their thing.

1361
00:53:35,591 --> 00:53:37,731
Long tails, lovely to see.

1362
00:53:39,043 --> 00:53:40,562
- [Tom] This pig is having
the time of its life.

1363
00:53:40,665 --> 00:53:42,115
- [Alice] Having a great time.

1364
00:53:42,219 --> 00:53:44,428
- [Tom] Getting a bit of a
belly rub, and bloody loves it.

1365
00:53:44,531 --> 00:53:45,636
- Yeah.
[Tom laughs]

1366
00:53:45,739 --> 00:53:46,878
Oh, they're so like
dogs, aren't they?

1367
00:53:46,982 --> 00:53:49,433
Like, they do love a belly rub.

1368
00:53:49,536 --> 00:53:51,400
They have so many vocalizations.

1369
00:53:51,504 --> 00:53:54,403
If you spend time, particularly
with pigs on sanctuaries,

1370
00:53:54,507 --> 00:53:57,095
they do almost, like,
converse with you.

1371
00:53:57,199 --> 00:54:00,892
- So, this is a second phase,
as it was described to me,

1372
00:54:00,996 --> 00:54:02,273
'cause there's three phases.

1373
00:54:02,377 --> 00:54:04,171
So, do you wanna tell us
what's happening here then?

1374
00:54:04,275 --> 00:54:06,070
- [Alice] This is like a typical

1375
00:54:06,173 --> 00:54:08,521
sort of weaner
accommodation unit.

1376
00:54:08,624 --> 00:54:10,661
That thing there is
meant to be a toy.

1377
00:54:10,764 --> 00:54:12,766
The flies are
absolutely typical.

1378
00:54:12,870 --> 00:54:14,872
That's such a
standard thing to see.

1379
00:54:14,975 --> 00:54:18,841
Feces all over the walls,
all over the floor.

1380
00:54:18,945 --> 00:54:23,156
Again, this looks
like relatively decent

1381
00:54:23,260 --> 00:54:26,090
compared to, like, quite a
lot of units that I've seen.

1382
00:54:26,193 --> 00:54:30,094
Most of these pigs have sort
of wounds on their flanks,

1383
00:54:30,197 --> 00:54:31,613
which is from fighting.

1384
00:54:31,716 --> 00:54:34,961
You're cramming them into
these tiny little barren cells.

1385
00:54:35,064 --> 00:54:37,308
And generally, this
looks like a typical,

1386
00:54:37,412 --> 00:54:39,517
sort of Red Tractor
finishing unit.

1387
00:54:39,621 --> 00:54:40,415
No wonder they're fighting.

1388
00:54:40,518 --> 00:54:42,140
They've got nowhere to go.

1389
00:54:42,244 --> 00:54:43,487
- That ball there-
- Yeah.

1390
00:54:43,590 --> 00:54:45,282
- [Tom] Is part of their
enrichment then, I guess?

1391
00:54:45,385 --> 00:54:46,559
- [Alice] Yeah.

1392
00:54:46,662 --> 00:54:47,698
So, we can see,
on this one shot,

1393
00:54:47,801 --> 00:54:49,976
we've got a really filthy ball

1394
00:54:50,079 --> 00:54:54,394
and a completely filthy
plastic tube hanging up.

1395
00:54:54,498 --> 00:54:55,740
Their tails are docked,

1396
00:54:55,844 --> 00:54:59,399
so that's a mutilation
done without anesthetic.

1397
00:54:59,503 --> 00:55:01,884
- [Tom] And how do
the piglets react?

1398
00:55:01,988 --> 00:55:03,748
- [Alice] Oh, they scream.

1399
00:55:03,852 --> 00:55:05,232
- [Tom] I've seen the term
"thumping" thrown about

1400
00:55:05,336 --> 00:55:07,580
as something done to
pigs, but what is it?

1401
00:55:09,167 --> 00:55:10,790
- [Alice] Picking the
piglet up by the back legs,

1402
00:55:10,893 --> 00:55:12,550
swinging them over
your shoulder,

1403
00:55:12,654 --> 00:55:14,587
and sort of just cracking
their skull on the-

1404
00:55:14,690 --> 00:55:15,553
- Oh, my.
- Concrete wall,

1405
00:55:15,657 --> 00:55:17,175
or on the side of something.

1406
00:55:17,279 --> 00:55:18,936
- [Tom] And that's legal then?

1407
00:55:19,039 --> 00:55:20,213
- That's legal.

1408
00:55:20,317 --> 00:55:22,457
That's something I've
done myself a lot.

1409
00:55:23,458 --> 00:55:27,013
[tense uneasy music]
[pigs snorting]

1410
00:55:27,116 --> 00:55:29,256
- [Tom] I think this is
like maybe the sick bay,

1411
00:55:29,360 --> 00:55:31,017
the sick pen.
- Yeah, like a hospital pen,

1412
00:55:31,120 --> 00:55:33,571
if you can say that
with a straight face.

1413
00:55:33,675 --> 00:55:35,780
There's no evidence that
these pigs are being treated.

1414
00:55:35,884 --> 00:55:37,989
I'll talk about this
little fella now,

1415
00:55:38,093 --> 00:55:41,855
with the huge mass
under the throat there.

1416
00:55:41,959 --> 00:55:43,409
That's not something
that's gonna get better

1417
00:55:43,512 --> 00:55:45,203
before slaughter.

1418
00:55:45,307 --> 00:55:49,449
So, what they're doing here
is just leaving him to linger.

1419
00:55:49,553 --> 00:55:53,073
Like, there have been times
where I've gone onto farms

1420
00:55:53,177 --> 00:55:56,698
and had to go around and
shoot, like, 20 pigs in a row,

1421
00:55:56,801 --> 00:55:59,286
just because they've had
these joint swellings

1422
00:55:59,390 --> 00:56:00,702
and been left on the slats

1423
00:56:00,805 --> 00:56:03,049
and obviously not been
checked properly or treated.

1424
00:56:03,152 --> 00:56:04,119
- [Tom] What I don't understand

1425
00:56:04,222 --> 00:56:05,362
is that the Animal
Protection Index

1426
00:56:05,465 --> 00:56:07,156
rank us top for animal welfare.

1427
00:56:07,260 --> 00:56:10,194
The National Farmers Union
boast about it on their website.

1428
00:56:10,297 --> 00:56:13,922
- The NFU have put this up
as sort of a proud moment

1429
00:56:14,025 --> 00:56:16,373
of doing well with
farm animal welfare.

1430
00:56:16,476 --> 00:56:20,342
But what they haven't
done is separate out

1431
00:56:20,446 --> 00:56:22,724
our ranking for
actual farm animals.

1432
00:56:22,827 --> 00:56:25,796
So, what we got for
farm animals was a D,

1433
00:56:25,899 --> 00:56:29,178
which ranks us in
line with South Korea,

1434
00:56:29,282 --> 00:56:32,492
Mexico, Brazil, Italy,

1435
00:56:32,596 --> 00:56:33,942
various other countries

1436
00:56:34,045 --> 00:56:36,220
which are not known for
their high welfare standards.

1437
00:56:36,323 --> 00:56:39,119
So, you know, the fact that
they're putting this out

1438
00:56:39,223 --> 00:56:40,673
as something, which is great,

1439
00:56:40,776 --> 00:56:43,020
and we celebrate our
world-leading welfare,

1440
00:56:43,123 --> 00:56:44,849
but actually, the animals
that they're in charge of,

1441
00:56:44,953 --> 00:56:48,474
the farm animals, are
scoring incredibly poorly.

1442
00:56:48,577 --> 00:56:50,717
- What the hell?

1443
00:56:50,821 --> 00:56:52,478
Surely, that can't be right?

1444
00:56:52,581 --> 00:56:54,100
But it is.

1445
00:56:54,203 --> 00:56:55,377
While the Animal
Protection Index

1446
00:56:55,481 --> 00:56:56,930
scored the UK overall with a B

1447
00:56:57,034 --> 00:56:58,898
for our animal
welfare standards,

1448
00:56:59,001 --> 00:57:01,452
largely because of our laws on
protecting companion animals

1449
00:57:01,556 --> 00:57:02,971
and those in captivity,

1450
00:57:03,074 --> 00:57:06,388
for animals used in
farming, we did score a D.

1451
00:57:06,492 --> 00:57:09,149
The lowest grade
of any area scored.

1452
00:57:09,253 --> 00:57:11,324
Although globally, I was
having a hard time finding

1453
00:57:11,428 --> 00:57:13,533
a country that did score higher
than a D for farmed animals.

1454
00:57:13,637 --> 00:57:16,122
The US and Australia
scored an E.

1455
00:57:16,225 --> 00:57:18,952
What are they doing to
their farmed animals there?

1456
00:57:19,056 --> 00:57:21,645
I've read and heard a lot about
antibiotic use in farming,

1457
00:57:21,748 --> 00:57:23,681
but in the UK, it's
dropping, right?

1458
00:57:23,785 --> 00:57:27,616
- The NFU puts
out this big boast

1459
00:57:27,720 --> 00:57:30,136
that we've reduced
our usage by 53%

1460
00:57:30,239 --> 00:57:33,519
over, you know, 2014 to 2018.

1461
00:57:34,692 --> 00:57:37,454
And it kind of went
down really quickly

1462
00:57:37,557 --> 00:57:39,007
when we started monitoring
what we were doing,

1463
00:57:39,110 --> 00:57:41,216
and then it plateaued
because we've reached a point

1464
00:57:41,319 --> 00:57:45,600
where we couldn't physically
use fewer antibiotics

1465
00:57:45,703 --> 00:57:47,636
without all the
animals just dying.

1466
00:57:47,740 --> 00:57:51,537
They did a huge analysis
on 139 different studies,

1467
00:57:51,640 --> 00:57:55,886
and 72% of them said there
was a confirmed clear link

1468
00:57:55,989 --> 00:57:59,717
between use in livestock
and resistance in humans.

1469
00:57:59,821 --> 00:58:01,167
- When we go to hospital,

1470
00:58:01,270 --> 00:58:03,721
we want the antibiotics
that we're given to work.

1471
00:58:03,825 --> 00:58:06,275
We want our loved ones
to survive a sepsis.

1472
00:58:06,379 --> 00:58:07,725
But as things are going,

1473
00:58:07,829 --> 00:58:09,934
that's becoming
increasingly unlikely,

1474
00:58:10,038 --> 00:58:13,869
because not only of the overuse
of antibiotics in general

1475
00:58:13,973 --> 00:58:16,044
but specifically
the overuse of them

1476
00:58:16,147 --> 00:58:18,598
when we give them to
animals for us to eat.

1477
00:58:18,702 --> 00:58:21,152
- There was a
previous figure quoted

1478
00:58:21,256 --> 00:58:23,741
in the last of round
of studies into this

1479
00:58:23,845 --> 00:58:26,641
that it would be
10 million deaths,

1480
00:58:26,744 --> 00:58:28,919
a predicted 10
million deaths a year,

1481
00:58:29,022 --> 00:58:31,991
from antibiotic-resistant
infection by 2050.

1482
00:58:32,094 --> 00:58:34,269
And the fact that we've
intensified our agriculture

1483
00:58:34,372 --> 00:58:38,169
and we're pumping over 70%
of the world's antibiotics

1484
00:58:38,273 --> 00:58:41,483
into livestock in very
inappropriate ways

1485
00:58:41,587 --> 00:58:43,865
just means that
it's skyrocketing

1486
00:58:43,968 --> 00:58:47,040
much quicker than we were
sort of planning for.

1487
00:58:47,144 --> 00:58:49,456
- [Tom] Now, that
really pissed me off.

1488
00:58:49,560 --> 00:58:50,941
There's someone very close to me

1489
00:58:51,044 --> 00:58:54,185
that requires antibiotics
on a daily basis to survive.

1490
00:58:54,289 --> 00:58:56,705
20 of the 27 antibiotics
prescribed to animals

1491
00:58:56,809 --> 00:58:59,708
are vital for humans
to be treated with.

1492
00:58:59,812 --> 00:59:01,503
But I couldn't stop.

1493
00:59:01,607 --> 00:59:03,609
There was so much more to learn.

1494
00:59:03,712 --> 00:59:05,783
Next stop, the slaughterhouse.

1495
00:59:06,819 --> 00:59:08,268
I've never been to
a slaughterhouse.

1496
00:59:08,372 --> 00:59:09,994
I couldn't tell you where
the nearest one is to me,

1497
00:59:10,098 --> 00:59:12,203
despite the fact that there
are over 150 in the UK

1498
00:59:12,307 --> 00:59:14,067
and 2,700 in the US.

1499
00:59:15,552 --> 00:59:17,415
- [Investigator] Slaughterhouses
are so hidden from society.

1500
00:59:17,519 --> 00:59:22,144
Many have got 24-hour security
high perimeter fences.

1501
00:59:22,248 --> 00:59:25,354
You could be mistaken;
they were prisons.

1502
00:59:25,458 --> 00:59:27,149
- [Tom] So what's
it like inside?

1503
00:59:41,129 --> 00:59:45,789
- The sounds and smells, I
still get, they stick with you.

1504
01:00:06,464 --> 01:00:08,501
- The number of animals that
need to be killed for a start

1505
01:00:08,605 --> 01:00:12,954
just negates any, like, kindness
and, like, gentle handling.

1506
01:00:13,057 --> 01:00:14,887
- [Tom] But how are they killed?

1507
01:00:14,990 --> 01:00:16,716
What are the common practices?

1508
01:00:17,786 --> 01:00:19,408
[fence rattles]

1509
01:00:19,512 --> 01:00:21,203
[cow thudding]

1510
01:00:21,307 --> 01:00:21,825
[gate clanking]

1511
01:00:21,928 --> 01:00:24,068
What makes it humane?

1512
01:00:24,172 --> 01:00:26,105
[fence rattles]

1513
01:00:26,208 --> 01:00:29,833
Cows are stunned using a
captive bolt or electricity.

1514
01:00:29,936 --> 01:00:33,353
[gentle somber music]

1515
01:00:33,457 --> 01:00:34,838
Poultry are hung upside down

1516
01:00:34,941 --> 01:00:37,495
and dipped into an electrified
water bath to stun them

1517
01:00:37,599 --> 01:00:39,152
before their throats are slit.

1518
01:00:41,051 --> 01:00:43,570
Sheep are stunned and
killed with electricity,

1519
01:00:43,674 --> 01:00:44,744
but just like this one here,

1520
01:00:44,848 --> 01:00:46,332
it's not always a quick process.

1521
01:00:51,268 --> 01:00:53,235
Fish are exposed
to carbon dioxide,

1522
01:00:53,339 --> 01:00:55,997
bled out without
stunning, gutted alive,

1523
01:00:56,100 --> 01:00:57,343
or suffocated out of water.

1524
01:00:58,378 --> 01:00:59,586
And what about pigs?

1525
01:00:59,690 --> 01:01:01,105
How do we get bacon?

1526
01:01:04,143 --> 01:01:05,765
It's either the CO2 gas chamber

1527
01:01:05,869 --> 01:01:08,388
[pigs snarling]

1528
01:01:10,908 --> 01:01:14,878
[gentle somber music continues]

1529
01:01:18,502 --> 01:01:21,229
or electrical stunning,
followed by sanguination,

1530
01:01:21,332 --> 01:01:23,300
then transported
to a scalding tank.

1531
01:01:31,618 --> 01:01:32,585
- [Alice] Yeah, I mean,

1532
01:01:32,689 --> 01:01:33,862
I've seen pigs swimming
around in that,

1533
01:01:33,966 --> 01:01:35,381
like, bleeding to death.

1534
01:01:36,762 --> 01:01:40,800
[gentle somber music continues]

1535
01:01:42,388 --> 01:01:45,978
- I often ask myself,
"Would this be okay

1536
01:01:46,081 --> 01:01:48,256
if I was doing this to a human?"

1537
01:01:48,359 --> 01:01:49,775
- [Tom] I've asked
everyone I've spoken to

1538
01:01:49,878 --> 01:01:51,638
whether they think humane
slaughter is possible

1539
01:01:51,742 --> 01:01:53,917
in today's global
farming system.

1540
01:01:54,020 --> 01:01:56,505
I've asked activists, the RSPCA,

1541
01:01:56,609 --> 01:01:58,611
vegans, vegetarians,
and omnivores.

1542
01:01:58,715 --> 01:02:00,509
I could go through
every answer one by one,

1543
01:02:00,613 --> 01:02:01,510
but I think you already know it.

1544
01:02:01,614 --> 01:02:03,443
And what of the human toll,

1545
01:02:03,547 --> 01:02:05,204
working in these surroundings
with these animals?

1546
01:02:05,307 --> 01:02:08,103
What are the physical and
psychological effects?

1547
01:02:08,207 --> 01:02:12,901
- Colleagues there who'd get
frustrated with the animals

1548
01:02:13,005 --> 01:02:15,732
and take it out on them,
take it out on each other.

1549
01:02:15,835 --> 01:02:17,941
- Going home,
absolutely traumatized,

1550
01:02:18,044 --> 01:02:20,391
like calling my mum,
sobbing on the phone,

1551
01:02:20,495 --> 01:02:22,600
saying, "I've had to
shoot another 20 pigs

1552
01:02:22,704 --> 01:02:24,464
because of these
welfare issues."

1553
01:02:24,568 --> 01:02:25,742
- I'd go out,

1554
01:02:25,845 --> 01:02:28,330
it got to a stage where
if someone looked at me,

1555
01:02:28,434 --> 01:02:30,194
I'd probably go over
and headbutt them.

1556
01:02:35,165 --> 01:02:36,097
- [Tom] As the UK
and other nations

1557
01:02:36,200 --> 01:02:37,443
struggle to fill this sector,

1558
01:02:37,546 --> 01:02:39,203
it's perhaps unsurprising
that the meat industry

1559
01:02:39,307 --> 01:02:41,240
is heavily reliant
on migrant workers

1560
01:02:41,343 --> 01:02:43,104
willing to work
for far more money

1561
01:02:43,207 --> 01:02:45,244
than they could ever earn
in their country of birth,

1562
01:02:45,347 --> 01:02:47,177
creating two-tier
working conditions

1563
01:02:47,280 --> 01:02:50,180
with migrants being paid less
and expected to work more

1564
01:02:50,283 --> 01:02:51,940
to ensure that the meat
could be kept cheap

1565
01:02:52,044 --> 01:02:53,493
and to supply the demand.

1566
01:02:53,597 --> 01:02:56,358
- I think I've found peace
with myself over the years

1567
01:02:56,462 --> 01:03:00,397
through how I've changed
and what I've done,

1568
01:03:00,500 --> 01:03:03,365
but I still have two,
three nights a week

1569
01:03:03,469 --> 01:03:05,436
where I can't sleep at all,

1570
01:03:05,540 --> 01:03:10,303
and I still get those
nightmares, and I
still get moments

1571
01:03:10,407 --> 01:03:15,274
where you just think,
"What's the point?"

1572
01:03:15,964 --> 01:03:16,862
Or "You're worthless."

1573
01:03:16,965 --> 01:03:20,762
Or, you know, "Whatever I do,

1574
01:03:20,866 --> 01:03:22,937
can it ever make up
for what I've done?"

1575
01:03:23,040 --> 01:03:24,697
- [Tom] After the
animals have been killed,

1576
01:03:24,801 --> 01:03:25,940
what's the meat line like?

1577
01:03:26,043 --> 01:03:27,458
- For starters, there's
a lot of diseases

1578
01:03:27,562 --> 01:03:30,668
that we can pick up from pigs
and other animals anyway.

1579
01:03:30,772 --> 01:03:34,224
Like, you can't see pathogens.

1580
01:03:34,327 --> 01:03:36,640
- [Tom] 48 million people
get sick in the US each year

1581
01:03:36,743 --> 01:03:38,262
with foodborne illnesses.

1582
01:03:38,366 --> 01:03:41,265
Nearly 3/4 of all chicken
sold in UK supermarkets

1583
01:03:41,369 --> 01:03:43,440
have previously been
found to be contaminated

1584
01:03:43,543 --> 01:03:44,924
with campylobacter.

1585
01:03:45,028 --> 01:03:48,548
And in the US, 60%
of pork, 70% of beef,

1586
01:03:48,652 --> 01:03:52,069
and 80% of chicken is
contaminated with E. coli.

1587
01:03:52,173 --> 01:03:53,519
It's not just pathogens either.

1588
01:03:53,622 --> 01:03:55,417
When the UN published its
list of the seven causes

1589
01:03:55,521 --> 01:03:57,868
driving the risk of
zoonotic diseases,

1590
01:03:57,972 --> 01:04:00,560
six of them were linked
to animal agriculture.

1591
01:04:00,664 --> 01:04:01,665
[pigs snorting]

1592
01:04:01,768 --> 01:04:03,425
After the cows, and
sheep, and pigs,

1593
01:04:03,529 --> 01:04:05,427
and all the other farmed
animals are slaughtered,

1594
01:04:05,531 --> 01:04:08,223
we have our beef,
our lamb, our bacon,

1595
01:04:08,327 --> 01:04:09,707
but is it actually
any good for us?

1596
01:04:09,811 --> 01:04:12,710
If we were to take alcohol,
something which most people

1597
01:04:12,814 --> 01:04:14,195
wouldn't constitute
to be healthy,

1598
01:04:14,298 --> 01:04:15,610
but manage to add the likes

1599
01:04:15,713 --> 01:04:18,095
of some branched-chain
amino acids and iron to it,

1600
01:04:18,199 --> 01:04:20,373
would that suddenly
make it healthy?

1601
01:04:20,477 --> 01:04:23,169
So why does a food that the
World Health Organization

1602
01:04:23,273 --> 01:04:26,690
categorizes as a carcinogen,
or probable carcinogen,

1603
01:04:26,793 --> 01:04:28,036
suddenly become healthy

1604
01:04:28,140 --> 01:04:30,797
because it contains the
likes of protein and iron

1605
01:04:30,901 --> 01:04:32,213
when these are readily available

1606
01:04:32,316 --> 01:04:34,456
from non-carcinogenic foods?

1607
01:04:34,560 --> 01:04:36,976
- Again, it comes back to
thinking about the healthy food

1608
01:04:37,080 --> 01:04:39,013
rather than the
individual nutrients.

1609
01:04:43,914 --> 01:04:46,158
- [Tom] I'm a bit nervous,
I'm not gonna lie.

1610
01:04:46,261 --> 01:04:49,713
Susanna's combined lifts
put her on 313 kilograms,

1611
01:04:49,816 --> 01:04:53,406
while Sophia's combined lifts
total just 288 kilograms.

1612
01:04:53,510 --> 01:04:54,994
[tense suspenseful music]

1613
01:04:55,098 --> 01:04:56,064
That means Sophia needs to lift

1614
01:04:56,168 --> 01:04:57,894
25 kilograms more
on the deadlift

1615
01:04:57,997 --> 01:04:59,481
just to draw even with Susanna.

1616
01:04:59,585 --> 01:05:03,071
Her deadlift's impressive,
really impressive;

1617
01:05:03,175 --> 01:05:05,349
she's not the British
record holder for nothing,

1618
01:05:05,453 --> 01:05:06,557
but she needs to
hit that weight here

1619
01:05:06,661 --> 01:05:08,974
and hope that Susanna
doesn't lift a PB;

1620
01:05:09,077 --> 01:05:11,010
otherwise, she's in trouble.

1621
01:05:11,114 --> 01:05:12,978
And so we're on to round three.

1622
01:05:13,081 --> 01:05:14,358
Over the three attempts,

1623
01:05:14,462 --> 01:05:18,915
Susanna lifts a very
impressive 197.5 kilograms.

1624
01:05:19,018 --> 01:05:21,434
Sophia has got her
work cut out for her.

1625
01:05:24,023 --> 01:05:26,405
Back in Barcelona,
and we've lost Mike.

1626
01:05:27,647 --> 01:05:30,167
Or at least, we'd not had
contact for a few hours

1627
01:05:30,271 --> 01:05:31,755
and were starting to fear

1628
01:05:31,858 --> 01:05:33,101
something terrible
might have happened.

1629
01:05:34,275 --> 01:05:36,415
But then, finally, after
almost seven hours,

1630
01:05:36,518 --> 01:05:38,727
Mike showed up at
the checkpoint.

1631
01:05:38,831 --> 01:05:40,419
Although it was clear

1632
01:05:40,522 --> 01:05:42,800
he'd had an extremely
challenging night
on the mountains.

1633
01:05:42,904 --> 01:05:45,148
- I was tripping my
face off all night.

1634
01:05:45,251 --> 01:05:46,459
- Oh, dear.
- Oh, imagine.

1635
01:05:46,563 --> 01:05:47,978
- It was mental.

1636
01:05:49,324 --> 01:05:50,705
I was pretty hungry, actually.

1637
01:05:53,639 --> 01:05:57,194
At some points, I just didn't
know what was going on.

1638
01:05:57,298 --> 01:06:00,611
Like, full-on, like, forgot
what I was doing there.

1639
01:06:02,061 --> 01:06:03,442
I was sort of
thinking at the time,

1640
01:06:03,545 --> 01:06:05,892
"This may be a bit
irresponsible."

1641
01:06:05,996 --> 01:06:08,274
[group laughing]

1642
01:06:08,378 --> 01:06:10,483
- [Tom] Mike sets off
for the final 43K.

1643
01:06:10,587 --> 01:06:11,795
- [Mike] Beats working.

1644
01:06:11,898 --> 01:06:13,900
- [Tom] It's clear how
unbelievably exhausted he is.

1645
01:06:14,004 --> 01:06:15,695
And I can't help but wonder

1646
01:06:15,799 --> 01:06:17,628
if he's actually gonna
make it to the finish,

1647
01:06:17,732 --> 01:06:19,423
let alone break the record.

1648
01:06:20,804 --> 01:06:23,945
But back in Taunton, Paul's
still in high spirits.

1649
01:06:24,049 --> 01:06:25,740
[footsteps crunching]

1650
01:06:25,843 --> 01:06:29,261
So Paul, what would you say
is the key to a happy life?

1651
01:06:29,364 --> 01:06:31,125
- Well, I would say giving.

1652
01:06:31,228 --> 01:06:33,058
Giving of yourself,
giving of your time,

1653
01:06:34,266 --> 01:06:37,717
giving of your energy,
whatever you're good at.

1654
01:06:37,821 --> 01:06:41,721
Helping people, helping
other fellow creatures.

1655
01:06:41,825 --> 01:06:42,515
Yeah, giving.

1656
01:06:44,207 --> 01:06:45,587
- [Tom] But there was no denying

1657
01:06:45,691 --> 01:06:47,451
it was starting to feel tough,
and the ridiculous hills

1658
01:06:47,555 --> 01:06:49,522
and baking heat certainly
weren't helping.

1659
01:06:52,146 --> 01:06:53,906
It's a big hill.

1660
01:06:54,010 --> 01:06:55,218
- [Paul] Yeah.

1661
01:06:55,321 --> 01:06:57,116
- [Tom] And we are on

1662
01:06:58,566 --> 01:07:01,017
21.65 miles.

1663
01:07:05,055 --> 01:07:06,643
But at the final checkpoint,

1664
01:07:06,746 --> 01:07:08,714
Paul still insisted on
doing his press-ups.

1665
01:07:10,405 --> 01:07:11,337
- 37K.

1666
01:07:11,441 --> 01:07:12,752
- [Tom] Before we knew it,

1667
01:07:12,856 --> 01:07:14,823
we were into the final leg
with eight miles to go.

1668
01:07:14,927 --> 01:07:15,928
- Feeling good.

1669
01:07:16,032 --> 01:07:17,757
- Feeling good?
- Yeah, feeling great.

1670
01:07:17,861 --> 01:07:20,484
[bell dings]

1671
01:07:20,588 --> 01:07:23,315
- [Tom] I've made a terrible
omission from this process.

1672
01:07:24,626 --> 01:07:26,490
We're gonna have to
go back to the start.

1673
01:07:28,182 --> 01:07:31,875
Earth, a mesh of verdant
greens and cerulean waters.

1674
01:07:31,978 --> 01:07:33,118
A magnificent sight.

1675
01:07:33,221 --> 01:07:35,534
A planet full of wonder.

1676
01:07:35,637 --> 01:07:37,570
But almost everything we
do on this wondrous planet

1677
01:07:37,674 --> 01:07:38,640
has an effect.

1678
01:07:38,744 --> 01:07:40,642
From brushing our teeth
and flushing the toilet

1679
01:07:40,746 --> 01:07:43,093
to the way we travel
and the food we eat.

1680
01:07:43,197 --> 01:07:44,336
The industries and
sectors around the world

1681
01:07:44,439 --> 01:07:46,234
have an even bigger impact.

1682
01:07:46,338 --> 01:07:48,202
Some more than others.

1683
01:07:48,995 --> 01:07:50,618
And right now, billionaires,

1684
01:07:50,721 --> 01:07:52,585
who may or may not
be living in lairs,

1685
01:07:52,689 --> 01:07:54,898
the type seen housing
villains in Bond movies,

1686
01:07:55,001 --> 01:07:57,073
are concocting ways
to get to Mars.

1687
01:07:57,176 --> 01:07:59,454
It's unclear if we're invited.

1688
01:07:59,558 --> 01:08:02,630
But compared to Earth, let's
be honest, Mars looks shit.

1689
01:08:03,424 --> 01:08:05,150
Earth should be priority.

1690
01:08:05,253 --> 01:08:08,498
And for a few, it is, and
it has been for some time.

1691
01:08:08,601 --> 01:08:10,431
Ever since the
Industrial Revolution,

1692
01:08:10,534 --> 01:08:12,916
people have discussed
the effects humans
have on the planet.

1693
01:08:13,019 --> 01:08:15,608
In 1970, we had the
first Earth Day.

1694
01:08:15,712 --> 01:08:18,749
By 1979, the World Climate
Research Programme was launched.

1695
01:08:18,853 --> 01:08:22,443
And by 1990, the IPCC warned
that the world had been warming

1696
01:08:22,546 --> 01:08:25,135
and future warming is likely.

1697
01:08:25,239 --> 01:08:27,448
Subsequent IPCC reports
were worded firmer,

1698
01:08:27,551 --> 01:08:29,312
causing global leaders in 2015

1699
01:08:29,415 --> 01:08:30,554
to sign the Paris
Climate Agreement

1700
01:08:30,658 --> 01:08:32,246
with a plan to
prevent global heating

1701
01:08:32,349 --> 01:08:35,041
of 1.5 degrees above
industrial levels

1702
01:08:35,145 --> 01:08:36,560
while saying things like:

1703
01:08:40,116 --> 01:08:44,292
- [Tom] In 2018, the IPCC told
them to stand as one faster.

1704
01:08:44,396 --> 01:08:48,054
And by 2023, the
world was getting hot.

1705
01:08:48,158 --> 01:08:49,263
Really hot.

1706
01:08:49,366 --> 01:08:51,092
And as people from
the UK can attest,

1707
01:08:51,196 --> 01:08:52,714
that's not all we're known for.

1708
01:08:52,818 --> 01:08:54,406
In fact, around the globe,

1709
01:08:54,509 --> 01:08:56,132
all sorts of disastrous
weather-related events

1710
01:08:56,235 --> 01:08:57,271
were occurring.

1711
01:08:58,720 --> 01:09:00,895
- I don't think many people
grasp just how serious this is.

1712
01:09:00,998 --> 01:09:04,726
This is the greatest catastrophe
humanity has ever faced.

1713
01:09:04,830 --> 01:09:07,384
The collapse of our
life support systems.

1714
01:09:07,488 --> 01:09:11,699
We're just sort of staggering
towards the precipice.

1715
01:09:11,802 --> 01:09:14,150
Almost as if we're
saying to ourselves,

1716
01:09:14,253 --> 01:09:16,324
"If it were really so bad,
someone would stop us,

1717
01:09:16,428 --> 01:09:17,394
wouldn't they?"

1718
01:09:17,498 --> 01:09:18,533
- [Tom] So why don't they?

1719
01:09:18,637 --> 01:09:19,569
Why aren't governments
doing more?

1720
01:09:19,672 --> 01:09:21,571
- It's the issue
above all others

1721
01:09:21,674 --> 01:09:23,504
that they don't
wanna talk about.

1722
01:09:23,607 --> 01:09:26,990
Because even when, for instance,
Joe Biden said something

1723
01:09:27,093 --> 01:09:29,026
very tentative about meat,

1724
01:09:29,130 --> 01:09:31,374
suddenly there was
this massive pile on:

1725
01:09:31,477 --> 01:09:33,307
"They wanna steal our burgers!

1726
01:09:33,410 --> 01:09:36,413
They're trying to destroy
the American dream!"

1727
01:09:36,517 --> 01:09:39,416
The lobbyists are
unbelievably powerful,

1728
01:09:39,520 --> 01:09:42,833
partly because it's
extremely concentrated.

1729
01:09:42,937 --> 01:09:44,594
There are just a
handful of firms

1730
01:09:44,697 --> 01:09:46,906
who control almost all the beef,

1731
01:09:47,010 --> 01:09:49,288
and another handful controlling
almost all the pork,

1732
01:09:49,392 --> 01:09:50,634
almost all the poultry.

1733
01:09:50,738 --> 01:09:53,948
So, those companies
become extremely powerful,

1734
01:09:54,051 --> 01:09:55,674
more powerful than
many governments.

1735
01:09:55,777 --> 01:09:59,643
Nothing is as visceral,
literally and metaphorically,

1736
01:09:59,747 --> 01:10:00,851
as what we eat.

1737
01:10:00,955 --> 01:10:02,267
- [Tom] You might be wondering
what all of this has to do

1738
01:10:02,370 --> 01:10:03,992
with the climate crisis.

1739
01:10:04,096 --> 01:10:07,548
So, in 2018, a team
of researchers from
Oxford University

1740
01:10:07,651 --> 01:10:08,894
carried out the
largest-ever study

1741
01:10:08,997 --> 01:10:10,965
on the effects of our
global food system.

1742
01:10:11,068 --> 01:10:14,106
They assessed nearly 40,000
farms across the globe

1743
01:10:14,210 --> 01:10:16,350
and 40 different
agricultural products,

1744
01:10:16,453 --> 01:10:19,525
focusing on the use of land,
greenhouse gas emissions,

1745
01:10:19,629 --> 01:10:22,425
water usage, acidification,
and eutrophication.

1746
01:10:22,528 --> 01:10:24,150
[tense thoughtful music]

1747
01:10:24,254 --> 01:10:26,118
They concluded that the
single biggest thing

1748
01:10:26,222 --> 01:10:29,121
we as individuals can do to
lower our environmental impact

1749
01:10:29,225 --> 01:10:32,193
is to reduce or eliminate
animal products from our diets.

1750
01:10:32,297 --> 01:10:34,091
And then in 2023,

1751
01:10:34,195 --> 01:10:36,922
another ground-breaking
study from Oxford University

1752
01:10:37,025 --> 01:10:40,270
assessed the dietary
patterns of 55,000 people,

1753
01:10:40,374 --> 01:10:43,031
highlighting further just
how much more destructive

1754
01:10:43,135 --> 01:10:45,171
high and low-meat diets
are for the planet's health

1755
01:10:45,275 --> 01:10:47,104
compared to a vegan diet.

1756
01:10:47,208 --> 01:10:49,417
Yet despite this, I'm forever
hearing people tell me

1757
01:10:49,521 --> 01:10:52,006
they only buy local,
grass-fed beef.

1758
01:10:52,109 --> 01:10:54,836
And on the surface, that
statement sounds logical.

1759
01:10:54,940 --> 01:10:57,598
I mean, transporting goods
has an environmental impact,

1760
01:10:57,701 --> 01:11:00,842
but as it turns out, probably
not as much as you'd think.

1761
01:11:00,946 --> 01:11:03,259
I was shocked to learn
that transportation of beef

1762
01:11:03,362 --> 01:11:06,986
only accounts for 0.5%
of its total emissions.

1763
01:11:07,090 --> 01:11:09,092
We shouldn't disregard
the impact of travel,

1764
01:11:09,195 --> 01:11:12,060
but to imply switching to
local beef as the solution

1765
01:11:12,164 --> 01:11:15,719
to a climate emergency rather
than to plant-based protein

1766
01:11:15,823 --> 01:11:17,963
would only really make sense
if the plant-based protein

1767
01:11:18,066 --> 01:11:19,827
and the beef had the
same environmental impact

1768
01:11:19,930 --> 01:11:22,623
before that transportation
was taken into account.

1769
01:11:22,726 --> 01:11:26,143
And it's not even close in
any of the areas measured.

1770
01:11:26,247 --> 01:11:28,594
I was also having a hard time
with the term "grass-fed."

1771
01:11:28,698 --> 01:11:30,562
Grass-fed simply means
animals only have to spend

1772
01:11:30,665 --> 01:11:32,978
part of their life
out grazing in fields.

1773
01:11:33,081 --> 01:11:34,428
Grass-finished beef,

1774
01:11:34,531 --> 01:11:36,775
whereby the animals eat
nothing but grass or forage,

1775
01:11:36,878 --> 01:11:38,466
is far less common.

1776
01:11:38,570 --> 01:11:41,607
In the US, less than 1% of
beef is farmed this way.

1777
01:11:41,711 --> 01:11:43,506
Despite that figure
being so low,

1778
01:11:43,609 --> 01:11:46,750
if everyone globally ate the
average US citizen's diet,

1779
01:11:46,854 --> 01:11:48,994
we'd need to use the entire
planet's habitable land

1780
01:11:49,097 --> 01:11:53,067
for agriculture, and
we'd still be 38% short.

1781
01:11:53,170 --> 01:11:55,345
The country with the largest
dietary land requirement

1782
01:11:55,449 --> 01:11:56,588
is New Zealand.

1783
01:11:56,691 --> 01:11:57,934
That's a country
where grass-fed beef

1784
01:11:58,037 --> 01:12:00,868
and lamb contributes
enormously to people's diets.

1785
01:12:00,971 --> 01:12:01,938
If every one of us

1786
01:12:02,041 --> 01:12:03,526
suddenly started eating
like a New Zealander,

1787
01:12:03,629 --> 01:12:06,114
we'd need another planet
almost the size of Earth

1788
01:12:06,218 --> 01:12:07,875
just to sustain us all.

1789
01:12:07,978 --> 01:12:09,566
In a world where we're
trying to figure out

1790
01:12:09,670 --> 01:12:11,982
how to feed in excess
of eight billion people,

1791
01:12:12,086 --> 01:12:14,330
it's not really the
definition of sustainable

1792
01:12:14,433 --> 01:12:16,539
if only a handful
can eat this way.

1793
01:12:16,642 --> 01:12:17,678
- We're constantly being told

1794
01:12:17,781 --> 01:12:19,852
the problem is
intensive farming.

1795
01:12:19,956 --> 01:12:20,888
And so people then say,

1796
01:12:20,991 --> 01:12:22,683
"Well, the answer is
extensive farming.

1797
01:12:22,786 --> 01:12:24,443
Let's have free-range grazing

1798
01:12:24,547 --> 01:12:26,376
and the animals
outdoors and stuff."

1799
01:12:26,480 --> 01:12:30,069
But that has massive
problems of its own.

1800
01:12:30,173 --> 01:12:32,037
I really try to hammer this home

1801
01:12:32,140 --> 01:12:33,590
because people don't get it.

1802
01:12:33,694 --> 01:12:36,904
But the more land that humans
take for their activities,

1803
01:12:37,007 --> 01:12:38,802
the less land there
is for nature,

1804
01:12:38,906 --> 01:12:41,840
the less land there is for
fully functioning ecosystems.

1805
01:12:41,943 --> 01:12:45,291
Grazing is a fantastically
inefficient way

1806
01:12:45,395 --> 01:12:47,328
of producing food.

1807
01:12:47,432 --> 01:12:48,294
- [Tom] So, what about this idea

1808
01:12:48,398 --> 01:12:49,813
that we'd need even more land

1809
01:12:49,917 --> 01:12:52,609
to grow plants for people to
eat if the world went vegan?

1810
01:12:52,713 --> 01:12:54,611
- But, actually, the
figures show very clearly

1811
01:12:54,715 --> 01:12:56,372
that not only do you retire

1812
01:12:56,475 --> 01:12:59,305
all that land used
for livestock grazing

1813
01:12:59,409 --> 01:13:00,893
and allow the
trees to come back,

1814
01:13:00,997 --> 01:13:03,379
allow the wild
ecosystems to come back,

1815
01:13:03,482 --> 01:13:06,968
you also would retire 19%
of all the arable land.

1816
01:13:07,072 --> 01:13:10,524
We'd be using less arable
land than we are today.

1817
01:13:10,627 --> 01:13:12,146
- [Tom] The stats around
the sheer amount of land

1818
01:13:12,249 --> 01:13:15,701
required for animal
agriculture were mind-blowing.

1819
01:13:15,805 --> 01:13:19,222
Over 1/3 of the entire world's
landmass is used for farming.

1820
01:13:19,325 --> 01:13:22,501
Over 40% of the US, and
almost 70% of land in England,

1821
01:13:22,605 --> 01:13:25,677
and a massive 83% of the land
used globally for farming

1822
01:13:25,780 --> 01:13:27,299
is for animal agriculture.

1823
01:13:27,403 --> 01:13:30,751
Yet, it provides
only 18% of calories.

1824
01:13:30,854 --> 01:13:33,788
Now, that really is
fantastically inefficient.

1825
01:13:33,892 --> 01:13:36,342
Almost 1/2 of all the
world's habitable land

1826
01:13:36,446 --> 01:13:37,896
is used for farming.

1827
01:13:37,999 --> 01:13:39,345
Just to pull that
into perspective,

1828
01:13:39,449 --> 01:13:42,383
only 1% is defined
as urban sprawl.

1829
01:13:42,487 --> 01:13:44,281
The land used for farming dwarfs

1830
01:13:44,385 --> 01:13:46,594
that used for towns and cities.

1831
01:13:46,698 --> 01:13:48,665
Amazingly, if the world
was somehow to move

1832
01:13:48,769 --> 01:13:52,704
to a plant-based diet, we'd
require 76% less farmland.

1833
01:13:53,843 --> 01:13:56,259
But let's be real, that
can't include soya.

1834
01:13:56,362 --> 01:13:58,157
Because if there's one plant
that I keep hearing about

1835
01:13:58,261 --> 01:14:01,091
over and over, how it's
destroying the planet,

1836
01:14:01,195 --> 01:14:02,507
unbalancing women's hormones,

1837
01:14:02,610 --> 01:14:05,544
and giving men massive
breasts, it's soya.

1838
01:14:05,648 --> 01:14:07,063
- I think people, again,

1839
01:14:07,166 --> 01:14:10,584
are not so used to eating
minimally processed soya foods

1840
01:14:10,687 --> 01:14:14,415
like tofu, and tempeh,
and miso, and soya milks,

1841
01:14:14,519 --> 01:14:16,037
but they're so healthy.

1842
01:14:16,141 --> 01:14:20,525
They've been associated with
so many good health properties,

1843
01:14:20,628 --> 01:14:22,216
such as lowering
your cholesterol,

1844
01:14:22,319 --> 01:14:24,908
reducing your chance of breast
cancer and prostate cancer,

1845
01:14:25,012 --> 01:14:26,807
reducing your risk
of heart disease.

1846
01:14:26,910 --> 01:14:29,361
And they probably can't
think of another food

1847
01:14:29,465 --> 01:14:32,571
that's been so well established
in the medical literature

1848
01:14:32,675 --> 01:14:34,711
at being good for us as humans.

1849
01:14:34,815 --> 01:14:37,024
- [Tom] Okay, so it's healthy,
but what about the land?

1850
01:14:37,127 --> 01:14:39,026
Are vegans part of the
problem by eating soya?

1851
01:14:39,129 --> 01:14:41,718
- So, people say,
"Oh, you tofu eaters,

1852
01:14:41,822 --> 01:14:44,376
you know, you're the ones who
are causing the deforestation

1853
01:14:44,480 --> 01:14:45,998
of the Amazon because
of all the soya

1854
01:14:46,102 --> 01:14:47,379
being grown to feed you."

1855
01:14:47,483 --> 01:14:52,177
No, almost all that soya is
being used to feed farm animals.

1856
01:14:52,280 --> 01:14:55,042
There's more soya in a
piece of chicken breast

1857
01:14:55,145 --> 01:14:57,734
than there is in the
same weight of tofu.

1858
01:14:57,838 --> 01:14:59,391
- [Tom] Well, bugger me.

1859
01:14:59,495 --> 01:15:01,945
If only 7% of soya grown
is eaten by humans,

1860
01:15:02,049 --> 01:15:04,776
and 73% of it goes
to feed animals,

1861
01:15:04,879 --> 01:15:06,674
why the hell do
people say it's vegans

1862
01:15:06,778 --> 01:15:08,504
causing deforestation?

1863
01:15:08,607 --> 01:15:10,333
It turns out humans don't
just say silly things;

1864
01:15:10,436 --> 01:15:11,921
we do silly things, too.

1865
01:15:12,024 --> 01:15:15,372
Humans make up a mere
0.01% of all biomass,

1866
01:15:15,476 --> 01:15:17,340
yet somehow we've
collectively wiped out

1867
01:15:17,443 --> 01:15:19,584
83% of all wild mammals.

1868
01:15:19,687 --> 01:15:21,240
But where you could
forgive our ancestors

1869
01:15:21,344 --> 01:15:22,828
for their blissful ignorance

1870
01:15:22,932 --> 01:15:24,692
in the effect they had during
their hunter-gatherer days,

1871
01:15:24,796 --> 01:15:26,314
the move to farming,

1872
01:15:26,418 --> 01:15:28,247
and in particular, what
occurred before our very eyes

1873
01:15:28,351 --> 01:15:30,802
during the great acceleration
of the 20th century,

1874
01:15:30,905 --> 01:15:32,804
is becoming harder to forgive.

1875
01:15:32,907 --> 01:15:35,289
Between 1900 and the year 2000,

1876
01:15:35,392 --> 01:15:36,739
humans farmed as
much land as we had

1877
01:15:36,842 --> 01:15:39,086
over the previous 10,000 years,

1878
01:15:39,189 --> 01:15:41,675
causing further species
extinction around the globe.

1879
01:15:41,778 --> 01:15:44,470
This century, it's
accelerated further still,

1880
01:15:44,574 --> 01:15:47,094
as 10,000 acres of
rainforest fall every day.

1881
01:15:47,197 --> 01:15:50,062
And in 2019, the
Bramble Cay melomys

1882
01:15:50,166 --> 01:15:52,030
became the first
documented extinction

1883
01:15:52,133 --> 01:15:54,273
attributed to human-induced
climate change.

1884
01:15:54,377 --> 01:15:56,172
They certainly
won't be the last.

1885
01:15:56,275 --> 01:15:58,588
We're facing the sixth
great mass extinction;

1886
01:15:58,692 --> 01:16:00,763
only this time we
have the indignity

1887
01:16:00,866 --> 01:16:03,766
of having to accept that
this one is caused by us.

1888
01:16:03,869 --> 01:16:05,699
But it's worth pointing
out that, as a species,

1889
01:16:05,802 --> 01:16:07,908
we're also capable
of great things.

1890
01:16:08,011 --> 01:16:09,461
Certain humans are
doing their best to try

1891
01:16:09,565 --> 01:16:11,152
and fix this crisis.

1892
01:16:11,256 --> 01:16:14,570
Rather than take land, they're
giving it back to nature.

1893
01:16:14,673 --> 01:16:16,295
And I was curious to
see just how quickly

1894
01:16:16,399 --> 01:16:18,919
we can start to see a difference
in the land's biodiversity

1895
01:16:19,022 --> 01:16:20,334
if we rewild it.

1896
01:16:20,437 --> 01:16:21,577
- In the first year,

1897
01:16:21,680 --> 01:16:23,440
I started seeing massive
amounts of insects.

1898
01:16:23,544 --> 01:16:26,789
Those insects brought
back rarer birds.

1899
01:16:26,892 --> 01:16:28,963
Your stonechats, your warblers.

1900
01:16:29,067 --> 01:16:32,104
Then came the buzzards,
then the red kites,

1901
01:16:32,208 --> 01:16:34,590
then the peregrine
falcon appeared.

1902
01:16:34,693 --> 01:16:36,177
Then we had the woodpeckers.

1903
01:16:36,281 --> 01:16:39,595
That's in two years of
rewilding, my style.

1904
01:16:40,699 --> 01:16:42,908
Who knows what we
could do in 20 years?

1905
01:16:43,012 --> 01:16:45,014
- [Tom] It was incredible
to see firsthand,

1906
01:16:45,117 --> 01:16:47,188
and I found countless other
examples around the globe

1907
01:16:47,292 --> 01:16:50,226
where rewilding projects were
yielding similar results.

1908
01:16:50,329 --> 01:16:51,676
It gave me some hope.

1909
01:16:51,779 --> 01:16:54,299
But unfortunately, it
wasn't just the land usage

1910
01:16:54,402 --> 01:16:56,784
causing problems in our
global farming system,

1911
01:16:56,888 --> 01:16:59,407
it was also water usage.

1912
01:16:59,511 --> 01:17:00,995
Even almond milk,
which undoubtedly

1913
01:17:01,099 --> 01:17:03,722
has a higher environmental
impact than oat or soya milk,

1914
01:17:03,826 --> 01:17:06,414
still uses far less
water than dairy.

1915
01:17:06,518 --> 01:17:08,002
It's the same with
eutrophication,

1916
01:17:08,106 --> 01:17:09,625
which occurs when
the environment

1917
01:17:09,728 --> 01:17:11,488
becomes enriched with
nutrients such as nitrate

1918
01:17:11,592 --> 01:17:14,457
and phosphorus, increasing
the amount of algae growth,

1919
01:17:14,560 --> 01:17:17,633
something I hear very little
about in mainstream media.

1920
01:17:17,736 --> 01:17:20,325
- For years, I've been
visiting the River Wye.

1921
01:17:20,428 --> 01:17:22,672
It's meant to be
protected by law.

1922
01:17:22,776 --> 01:17:25,951
And over the past 10
years, I've seen it go

1923
01:17:26,055 --> 01:17:29,541
from being a thriving
ecosystem to an open sewer.

1924
01:17:29,645 --> 01:17:31,301
What the hell has
happened to this river?

1925
01:17:31,405 --> 01:17:32,613
What's gone on?

1926
01:17:32,717 --> 01:17:34,926
It's the chicken farms
in the catchment,

1927
01:17:35,029 --> 01:17:37,825
some of which have got
many tens of thousands

1928
01:17:37,929 --> 01:17:41,173
of chickens in, being bred
for either meat or for eggs.

1929
01:17:41,277 --> 01:17:43,762
And it's a huge
amount of excrement,

1930
01:17:43,866 --> 01:17:46,040
which those chickens
are producing,

1931
01:17:46,144 --> 01:17:47,663
which is being
spread on the fields,

1932
01:17:47,766 --> 01:17:49,561
which then washes
straight into the river

1933
01:17:49,665 --> 01:17:51,563
because the fields
can't absorb it.

1934
01:17:51,667 --> 01:17:53,013
But of course, it
doesn't stop there,

1935
01:17:53,116 --> 01:17:55,912
because the rivers go
somewhere; they go into the sea.

1936
01:17:56,016 --> 01:17:57,396
And what we're seeing
around the world

1937
01:17:57,500 --> 01:18:00,710
is the growth of what
biologists call "dead zones."

1938
01:18:00,814 --> 01:18:02,954
And they're called "dead
zones" for a reason

1939
01:18:03,057 --> 01:18:04,921
because, at certain
depths in the sea,

1940
01:18:05,025 --> 01:18:08,338
there's just nothing
living there anymore.

1941
01:18:08,442 --> 01:18:12,239
And so even hundreds
of miles downstream

1942
01:18:12,342 --> 01:18:15,552
from where the animal
agriculture is happening,

1943
01:18:15,656 --> 01:18:17,520
you'll see these devastating

1944
01:18:17,623 --> 01:18:19,384
ecological effects taking place.

1945
01:18:19,487 --> 01:18:24,354
- There is basically
hardly any functioning life

1946
01:18:24,458 --> 01:18:29,325
in that water because the water
has become either so toxic

1947
01:18:30,982 --> 01:18:35,745
or has become devoid of any
oxygen that no life can exist.

1948
01:18:36,884 --> 01:18:39,404
The term "dead zone" is
a very appropriate term.

1949
01:18:40,646 --> 01:18:43,201
- [Tom] The numbers
are staggering.

1950
01:18:43,304 --> 01:18:45,065
Right now, in this
catchment alone,

1951
01:18:45,168 --> 01:18:46,514
there are 16 million chickens

1952
01:18:46,618 --> 01:18:48,827
on a never-ending conveyor belt.

1953
01:18:48,931 --> 01:18:51,174
I quickly learned this
was a global issue, too.

1954
01:18:51,278 --> 01:18:55,213
Rivers the world
over, full of shit.

1955
01:18:56,214 --> 01:18:57,456
If you live in a
developed nation,

1956
01:18:57,560 --> 01:18:58,941
chances are your waterways
are heavily polluted

1957
01:18:59,044 --> 01:19:00,425
because of animal agriculture.

1958
01:19:01,944 --> 01:19:03,842
What about this idea that
vegans kill way more insects

1959
01:19:03,946 --> 01:19:05,775
because of eating plants?

1960
01:19:05,879 --> 01:19:07,018
Is there any truth to that?

1961
01:19:07,121 --> 01:19:08,847
Arable farming does
have some issues.

1962
01:19:08,951 --> 01:19:10,366
It can be destructive

1963
01:19:10,469 --> 01:19:12,057
if farmers rely too heavily
on the likes of pesticides

1964
01:19:12,161 --> 01:19:14,680
and fertilizers, but it
doesn't need to be that way.

1965
01:19:14,784 --> 01:19:15,820
[birds chirping]

1966
01:19:15,923 --> 01:19:17,200
- [Iain] Here on the farm,

1967
01:19:17,304 --> 01:19:19,996
we grow around 100 different
types of vegetables.

1968
01:19:20,100 --> 01:19:21,929
A lot of our soil has
been badly damaged,

1969
01:19:22,033 --> 01:19:24,138
but soils can be recovered.

1970
01:19:24,242 --> 01:19:26,416
What we grow on the
farm is biodiversity.

1971
01:19:26,520 --> 01:19:29,730
So, the biodiversity comes
first, vegetables come second.

1972
01:19:29,834 --> 01:19:31,663
[deep thoughtful music]

1973
01:19:31,767 --> 01:19:33,044
- [Tom] Iain was defying
everything I'd heard

1974
01:19:33,147 --> 01:19:35,356
about traditional
organic farming methods.

1975
01:19:35,460 --> 01:19:38,118
He didn't use manure; he
didn't use pesticides;

1976
01:19:38,221 --> 01:19:40,706
the land was considered
unsuitable for arable farming,

1977
01:19:40,810 --> 01:19:42,708
and yet somehow, it was working.

1978
01:19:42,812 --> 01:19:45,297
Iain Tolhurst is proof
there is another way.

1979
01:19:45,401 --> 01:19:47,713
But my main issue with this
argument against the vegan diet

1980
01:19:47,817 --> 01:19:50,682
is that the majority of plants
grown are feeding animals.

1981
01:19:50,786 --> 01:19:52,132
I'd already learned
that if we shifted

1982
01:19:52,235 --> 01:19:53,478
towards a plant-based diet,

1983
01:19:53,581 --> 01:19:56,239
that we'd actually free
up 19% of arable land.

1984
01:19:56,343 --> 01:19:58,863
Therefore, less land would
be used to grow crops,

1985
01:19:58,966 --> 01:20:00,312
and less insects would die.

1986
01:20:01,762 --> 01:20:03,902
And what about
greenhouse gas emissions?

1987
01:20:04,006 --> 01:20:05,076
First sector I think of

1988
01:20:05,179 --> 01:20:06,387
with regards to
greenhouse gas emissions

1989
01:20:06,491 --> 01:20:08,079
is the fossil fuel industry.

1990
01:20:08,182 --> 01:20:09,425
So, I was surprised to learn

1991
01:20:09,528 --> 01:20:12,083
that even if we eliminate
fossil fuels completely,

1992
01:20:12,186 --> 01:20:13,981
the emissions from
animal agriculture alone

1993
01:20:14,085 --> 01:20:15,914
make it impossible to
prevent the planet warming

1994
01:20:16,018 --> 01:20:19,055
to 1.5 degrees above
pre-industrial levels.

1995
01:20:19,159 --> 01:20:20,954
And that's because the
agricultural industry

1996
01:20:21,057 --> 01:20:22,300
emits more greenhouse
gas emissions

1997
01:20:22,403 --> 01:20:24,716
than the entire
transport sector.

1998
01:20:24,820 --> 01:20:25,993
Yet despite this,

1999
01:20:26,097 --> 01:20:27,753
I keep finding claims
that animal agriculture,

2000
01:20:27,857 --> 01:20:30,066
and more specifically
regenerative grazing,

2001
01:20:30,170 --> 01:20:33,242
is one of, if not the solution.

2002
01:20:33,345 --> 01:20:35,589
- So now we talk about
regenerative grazing,

2003
01:20:35,692 --> 01:20:39,420
formerly known as grazing,
and it tries to spin

2004
01:20:39,524 --> 01:20:41,388
what they're doing as
something completely different.

2005
01:20:41,491 --> 01:20:43,597
"Oh, we're restoring
the ecosystem.

2006
01:20:43,700 --> 01:20:48,636
We're restoring soil carbon
by grazing the land."

2007
01:20:48,740 --> 01:20:49,568
No, you're not.

2008
01:20:49,672 --> 01:20:51,363
In fact, there is a study;

2009
01:20:51,467 --> 01:20:54,919
it was a meta-analysis of 300
studies from around the world

2010
01:20:55,022 --> 01:20:56,437
which looked into this question

2011
01:20:56,541 --> 01:20:59,578
and found there wasn't
a single instance

2012
01:20:59,682 --> 01:21:02,650
of grazing storing more carbon

2013
01:21:02,754 --> 01:21:05,584
than the greenhouse gases which
the animals were producing.

2014
01:21:05,688 --> 01:21:08,691
It's what's called the
"carbon opportunity cost"

2015
01:21:08,794 --> 01:21:10,382
and the "ecological
opportunity cost."

2016
01:21:10,486 --> 01:21:12,971
Because it's not just
that livestock farming

2017
01:21:13,075 --> 01:21:16,768
is a massive contributor to
greenhouse gas emissions,

2018
01:21:16,872 --> 01:21:21,911
it's also the biggest cause
of ecological destruction.

2019
01:21:23,188 --> 01:21:24,086
- [Tom] I thought the
main benefit of rewilding

2020
01:21:24,189 --> 01:21:25,363
was the increased biodiversity.

2021
01:21:25,466 --> 01:21:27,020
And while it's undoubtedly
incredible to see

2022
01:21:27,123 --> 01:21:29,643
the thriving ecosystems
at Dunsany Castle,

2023
01:21:29,746 --> 01:21:31,956
it seems the greatest gain
in rewilding of forests

2024
01:21:32,059 --> 01:21:33,750
and wetlands across our
continent and beyond

2025
01:21:33,854 --> 01:21:35,338
is the opportunity it provides

2026
01:21:35,442 --> 01:21:37,720
in drawing carbon from our
atmosphere and sequestering it.

2027
01:21:37,823 --> 01:21:40,343
It was starting to become
clear why the science says

2028
01:21:40,447 --> 01:21:43,726
that plant-based diets can
reduce emissions by up to 73%.

2029
01:21:43,829 --> 01:21:44,969
Today's global farming model

2030
01:21:45,072 --> 01:21:46,694
is a Neolithic production system

2031
01:21:46,798 --> 01:21:48,696
that simply wasn't
designed to feed

2032
01:21:48,800 --> 01:21:51,009
in excess of eight
billion people.

2033
01:21:51,113 --> 01:21:53,632
It just isn't sustainable.

2034
01:21:53,736 --> 01:21:55,807
There was so much to digest.

2035
01:21:55,911 --> 01:21:57,843
I felt like I hadn't
scratched the surface.

2036
01:21:57,947 --> 01:21:59,500
One thing really bugging me

2037
01:21:59,604 --> 01:22:01,468
was the level of emissions
created from farmed fishing.

2038
01:22:01,571 --> 01:22:03,228
[tense thoughtful music]

2039
01:22:03,332 --> 01:22:05,610
For years, oily fish has been
regarded as a health food,

2040
01:22:05,713 --> 01:22:07,025
in part because it contains

2041
01:22:07,129 --> 01:22:09,614
the long-chain omega-3
fatty acids EPA and DHA.

2042
01:22:11,374 --> 01:22:12,962
But is it possible to
get omega-3 fatty acids

2043
01:22:13,066 --> 01:22:14,999
from plant foods?

2044
01:22:15,102 --> 01:22:17,794
- I recommend that it's
wise for plant-based eaters

2045
01:22:17,898 --> 01:22:22,144
to have a couple of servings
of omega-3-rich plant foods

2046
01:22:22,247 --> 01:22:25,699
such as walnuts or a couple
of tablespoons of ground flax

2047
01:22:25,802 --> 01:22:27,252
or chia seeds.

2048
01:22:27,356 --> 01:22:28,702
- [Tom] It turns out that a
number of plant-based foods

2049
01:22:28,805 --> 01:22:30,497
contain a short-chain omega-3
fatty acid called ALA,

2050
01:22:30,600 --> 01:22:32,326
which the body then
converts into EPA

2051
01:22:32,430 --> 01:22:34,535
and DHA when readily available.

2052
01:22:34,639 --> 01:22:36,089
But what about people
who worry about the price

2053
01:22:36,192 --> 01:22:38,815
of ALA-rich foods or that
perhaps they couldn't eat enough

2054
01:22:38,919 --> 01:22:40,162
to meet the conversion rate?

2055
01:22:40,265 --> 01:22:42,302
Are there EPA and DHA
sources for vegans?

2056
01:22:42,405 --> 01:22:44,511
- A lot of people don't realize

2057
01:22:44,614 --> 01:22:47,238
that actually omega-3
is made by algae,

2058
01:22:47,341 --> 01:22:50,034
and it comes from the
algae, not from the fish.

2059
01:22:50,137 --> 01:22:51,759
So you could actually
cut out the middleman

2060
01:22:51,863 --> 01:22:53,244
and go straight to the algae.

2061
01:22:53,347 --> 01:22:55,487
Just take a good-quality DHA

2062
01:22:55,591 --> 01:22:57,696
and EPA supplement
if you're concerned.

2063
01:22:57,800 --> 01:22:58,835
- [Tom] With the
pescatarian diet

2064
01:22:58,939 --> 01:23:01,217
being the most expensive
dietary pattern,

2065
01:23:01,321 --> 01:23:03,012
this is an instance
where supplementing

2066
01:23:03,116 --> 01:23:05,566
or using the ALA sources
would actually be cheaper.

2067
01:23:05,670 --> 01:23:07,741
- I would say that
fish isn't necessarily

2068
01:23:07,844 --> 01:23:09,536
the health food
that it used to be

2069
01:23:09,639 --> 01:23:11,124
because we are
polluting the oceans

2070
01:23:11,227 --> 01:23:14,196
with environmental plastics
and heavy metals, dioxins,

2071
01:23:14,299 --> 01:23:18,648
and PCBs, which then
bioaccumulate in the fish.

2072
01:23:18,752 --> 01:23:21,858
And of course, when we eat them,
we are also bioaccumulating

2073
01:23:21,962 --> 01:23:24,447
those toxins within
our own bodies.

2074
01:23:24,551 --> 01:23:26,967
- Pregnant people are
required not to have more

2075
01:23:27,071 --> 01:23:29,211
than two servings
of oily fish a week

2076
01:23:29,314 --> 01:23:30,936
because of the levels of mercury

2077
01:23:31,040 --> 01:23:32,731
and other heavy metals present.

2078
01:23:32,835 --> 01:23:35,044
So, with a food that comes
with a health warning,

2079
01:23:35,148 --> 01:23:36,597
why take the risk?

2080
01:23:36,701 --> 01:23:38,323
- [Tom] I was curious about the
current state of our oceans.

2081
01:23:38,427 --> 01:23:39,876
How were the fish levels?

2082
01:23:39,980 --> 01:23:43,984
After all, it absorbs around
30% of all global emissions.

2083
01:23:44,088 --> 01:23:45,641
The number of fish
killed each year

2084
01:23:45,744 --> 01:23:47,712
dwarfs that of land animals.

2085
01:23:47,815 --> 01:23:49,196
Anywhere from 0.8

2086
01:23:49,300 --> 01:23:52,648
to 2.3 trillion wild fish
are killed each year.

2087
01:23:52,751 --> 01:23:54,546
So why are fish offered
such little protection

2088
01:23:54,650 --> 01:23:56,755
under law compared
to land animals?

2089
01:23:56,859 --> 01:23:59,137
Especially when we know
fish are sentient beings,

2090
01:23:59,241 --> 01:24:00,759
they feel pain.

2091
01:24:00,863 --> 01:24:04,729
- With fishes, I feel
like, and aquatic animals,

2092
01:24:04,832 --> 01:24:07,628
you know, that they seem
so unfamiliar to us.

2093
01:24:07,732 --> 01:24:10,769
And so, I think that
perhaps it's harder

2094
01:24:10,873 --> 01:24:13,324
to bridge that disconnection

2095
01:24:13,427 --> 01:24:15,188
than it might be, for, you know,

2096
01:24:15,291 --> 01:24:18,743
the connection between
humans and dogs and cats.

2097
01:24:18,846 --> 01:24:20,538
- [Tom] One method used
in the fishing industry,

2098
01:24:20,641 --> 01:24:23,299
to me, at least, seems
particularly reckless.

2099
01:24:23,403 --> 01:24:25,301
Bottom trawling involves
dragging huge nets

2100
01:24:25,405 --> 01:24:27,924
along the ocean floor and
damaging it in the process,

2101
01:24:28,028 --> 01:24:29,961
and it scoops up
anything in its path.

2102
01:24:30,065 --> 01:24:32,205
Every year, 300,000 dolphins

2103
01:24:32,308 --> 01:24:33,930
and whales are
killed as bycatch,

2104
01:24:34,034 --> 01:24:38,211
wiping out species with huge
carbon capture potential.

2105
01:24:38,314 --> 01:24:40,178
And it's not just what
we're taking from oceans,

2106
01:24:40,282 --> 01:24:41,317
but what we're adding.

2107
01:24:41,421 --> 01:24:43,975
- Fish stocks have depleted 90%.

2108
01:24:44,079 --> 01:24:46,322
And the biggest source
of ocean plastic

2109
01:24:46,426 --> 01:24:48,255
is fishing nets that
have been discarded.

2110
01:24:48,359 --> 01:24:53,433
- Global wild marine catch
for fish peaked 20 years ago.

2111
01:24:54,227 --> 01:24:56,125
Since it's been declined.

2112
01:24:56,229 --> 01:24:58,265
But meanwhile, we
have invented a thing

2113
01:24:58,369 --> 01:25:00,095
called aquaculture.

2114
01:25:00,198 --> 01:25:02,821
That's why there is fish
still in the supermarkets.

2115
01:25:02,925 --> 01:25:04,823
- [Tom] The overfishing and
destruction of our oceans

2116
01:25:04,927 --> 01:25:07,481
has forced us into creating
a farmed fishing system.

2117
01:25:07,585 --> 01:25:09,034
And just like pasture-fed beef,

2118
01:25:09,138 --> 01:25:12,590
farmed fish is also incredibly
environmentally destructive.

2119
01:25:12,693 --> 01:25:15,075
For every 10 calories
farmed fish provide,

2120
01:25:15,179 --> 01:25:17,836
they're given 100
calories themselves.

2121
01:25:17,940 --> 01:25:20,287
And what about the
environmental impacts of cheese?

2122
01:25:20,391 --> 01:25:22,772
Cheese is the single
biggest reason I ever hear

2123
01:25:22,876 --> 01:25:25,568
as to why vegetarians
could never go vegan.

2124
01:25:25,672 --> 01:25:26,569
And I get it.

2125
01:25:26,673 --> 01:25:28,053
I mean, I've tried
some vegan cheese

2126
01:25:28,157 --> 01:25:29,676
that tasted like it was
created by the devil

2127
01:25:29,779 --> 01:25:31,988
in the deepest,
darkest pits of hell.

2128
01:25:32,092 --> 01:25:35,371
But I've also eaten absolutely
amazing vegan cheese.

2129
01:25:35,475 --> 01:25:38,443
And environmentally, vegan
cheese has a significantly lower

2130
01:25:38,547 --> 01:25:41,032
climate impact to
that of dairy cheese.

2131
01:25:41,136 --> 01:25:42,999
But aside from the
environmental impacts,

2132
01:25:43,103 --> 01:25:45,209
I know very little about the
cheese and dairy industry,

2133
01:25:45,312 --> 01:25:47,763
despite eating copious
amounts of it as a youngster.

2134
01:25:47,866 --> 01:25:50,248
The only thing I do know
is that cows would explode

2135
01:25:50,352 --> 01:25:51,870
if we didn't milk them,

2136
01:25:51,974 --> 01:25:53,803
because nine people have
actually said this to me

2137
01:25:53,907 --> 01:25:55,184
during my journey.

2138
01:25:55,288 --> 01:25:57,635
Turns out those nine
people were misinformed.

2139
01:25:57,738 --> 01:25:59,361
Much like humans,
cats, and dogs,

2140
01:25:59,464 --> 01:26:01,915
cows also produce milk
after giving birth.

2141
01:26:02,018 --> 01:26:04,366
So, what else does the
dairy industry not tell us?

2142
01:26:19,691 --> 01:26:24,696
[cow mooing]
[gentle somber music]

2143
01:26:31,945 --> 01:26:35,224
[cow mooing continues]

2144
01:26:45,234 --> 01:26:48,203
[cow mooing]

2145
01:26:48,306 --> 01:26:50,170
- [Tom] I was shocked to
learn that 1/2 of all beef

2146
01:26:50,274 --> 01:26:51,723
comes from the dairy industry.

2147
01:26:52,690 --> 01:26:54,519
[cow mooing]

2148
01:26:54,623 --> 01:26:57,557
But if the mothers need to
give birth to produce cow milk,

2149
01:26:57,660 --> 01:26:58,972
what happens to their babies?

2150
01:27:26,068 --> 01:27:28,933
- [Tom] Hypothetically,
let's pretend we stop this.

2151
01:27:29,036 --> 01:27:30,659
That cheese isn't
a thing anymore.

2152
01:27:30,762 --> 01:27:32,074
Neither are slaughter dealers,

2153
01:27:32,177 --> 01:27:34,283
rounding up baby
calves for a few quid.

2154
01:27:34,387 --> 01:27:35,422
And that the
majority of land used

2155
01:27:35,526 --> 01:27:36,527
for cheese production
is rewilded.

2156
01:27:36,630 --> 01:27:38,322
What would happen
to the farmers?

2157
01:27:39,702 --> 01:27:41,842
I think there's a misconception
that vegans hate farmers.

2158
01:27:41,946 --> 01:27:44,466
From my experience,
that couldn't be
further from the truth.

2159
01:27:44,569 --> 01:27:46,364
My uncle was a farmer,
and I liked him a lot.

2160
01:27:46,468 --> 01:27:48,021
He was incredibly hard-working,

2161
01:27:48,124 --> 01:27:50,644
and frankly, he had very
little to show for the long

2162
01:27:50,748 --> 01:27:52,543
and enduring work he undertook,

2163
01:27:52,646 --> 01:27:54,407
like most farmers
I've spoken to.

2164
01:27:54,510 --> 01:27:56,167
So, what could a shift
to a plant-based diet

2165
01:27:56,271 --> 01:27:59,481
and the mass rewilding of land
mean for farmers right now?

2166
01:27:59,584 --> 01:28:01,897
- I see opportunities here
to bring people into farming,

2167
01:28:02,000 --> 01:28:03,450
not drive them out.

2168
01:28:03,554 --> 01:28:05,797
We don't wanna see livestock
farmers driven out of farming.

2169
01:28:05,901 --> 01:28:07,696
We wanna see them
thrive and develop.

2170
01:28:07,799 --> 01:28:08,835
And change their
systems to suit,

2171
01:28:08,938 --> 01:28:10,595
they're gonna needs,
help, and support.

2172
01:28:10,699 --> 01:28:12,908
There's potentially a
whole lot of new jobs

2173
01:28:13,011 --> 01:28:16,532
waiting to be had here
as the economy changes.

2174
01:28:16,636 --> 01:28:18,810
Livestock doesn't
produce any jobs,

2175
01:28:18,914 --> 01:28:21,019
hardly at all, certainly
not on the farm.

2176
01:28:21,123 --> 01:28:22,400
- [Tom] Of course, we
wouldn't need all the land

2177
01:28:22,504 --> 01:28:24,506
freed up from animal
agriculture for arable farming,

2178
01:28:24,609 --> 01:28:26,162
so if it isn't suitable,

2179
01:28:26,266 --> 01:28:28,855
this is where the work of
people like Randal comes in.

2180
01:28:28,958 --> 01:28:30,684
We pay trillions a year
in taxpayers' money

2181
01:28:30,788 --> 01:28:33,308
to prop up a broken
food and farming system

2182
01:28:33,411 --> 01:28:34,688
when that money
could instead be used

2183
01:28:34,792 --> 01:28:36,552
to work with the local
farmers, communities,

2184
01:28:36,656 --> 01:28:39,866
and Indigenous people to
work together with their land

2185
01:28:39,969 --> 01:28:42,972
to help fight the climate
emergency on the ground.

2186
01:28:43,076 --> 01:28:45,216
If more of us move
towards a plant-based diet

2187
01:28:45,320 --> 01:28:46,942
and the land no longer
needed for farming

2188
01:28:47,045 --> 01:28:49,945
is returned back to nature,
we'll be able to remove billions

2189
01:28:50,048 --> 01:28:52,879
of metric tons of carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere.

2190
01:28:52,982 --> 01:28:54,846
And from an employment
perspective,

2191
01:28:54,950 --> 01:28:56,607
one study found that
rewilding projects

2192
01:28:56,710 --> 01:28:58,574
have resulted in a 54% increase

2193
01:28:58,678 --> 01:29:00,680
in full-time equivalent jobs.

2194
01:29:00,783 --> 01:29:03,683
Simply put, removing farmland
and giving it back to nature

2195
01:29:03,786 --> 01:29:06,548
doesn't lose jobs;
it creates them.

2196
01:29:06,651 --> 01:29:08,826
Then there's completely
new sectors opening up.

2197
01:29:08,929 --> 01:29:11,794
Innovations that are creating
more jobs, more opportunities,

2198
01:29:11,898 --> 01:29:14,521
like cultivated meats
or fermented proteins.

2199
01:29:14,625 --> 01:29:17,662
Solar Foods in Finland is
creating what they call solein,

2200
01:29:17,766 --> 01:29:19,733
a protein out of thin air.

2201
01:29:19,837 --> 01:29:21,735
It's not from a
plant or an animal;

2202
01:29:21,839 --> 01:29:23,737
it originates from a
single-cell organism

2203
01:29:23,841 --> 01:29:25,981
that's put through a
fermentation process.

2204
01:29:26,084 --> 01:29:27,948
- What we're trying to
achieve as a company

2205
01:29:28,052 --> 01:29:30,468
is to disconnect food
production from agriculture

2206
01:29:30,572 --> 01:29:34,127
and go really to the
root cause of problems

2207
01:29:34,230 --> 01:29:37,717
in what comes to food
production on this planet.

2208
01:29:37,820 --> 01:29:41,237
The environmental impact
of solein compared to meat

2209
01:29:41,341 --> 01:29:45,966
is about 1% and about 1/10
compared to that of plants.

2210
01:29:46,070 --> 01:29:47,520
- [Tom] I do wonder
how people will react

2211
01:29:47,623 --> 01:29:49,004
to this sort of innovation.

2212
01:29:49,107 --> 01:29:52,939
- Ultimately, it's the taste
and texture, convenience,

2213
01:29:53,042 --> 01:29:55,873
experience that is
a decisive factor.

2214
01:29:55,976 --> 01:29:59,532
- I'm not gonna lie, that's
exactly what I wanted to know.

2215
01:30:05,676 --> 01:30:08,920
Mm!

2216
01:30:09,024 --> 01:30:10,059
That's good.

2217
01:30:10,163 --> 01:30:11,233
I felt like I was in a
science-fiction movie.

2218
01:30:11,336 --> 01:30:12,752
Mm, that's really good.

2219
01:30:12,855 --> 01:30:15,513
But there was no denying it
looked and tasted amazing.

2220
01:30:15,617 --> 01:30:17,204
The climate benefits
are undeniable,

2221
01:30:17,308 --> 01:30:18,930
and along with the transition
for livestock farmers

2222
01:30:19,034 --> 01:30:21,864
to a more environmentally
friendly form of arable farming

2223
01:30:21,968 --> 01:30:23,832
or to land managers
paid to rewild,

2224
01:30:23,935 --> 01:30:25,799
this alternative fat
and protein sector

2225
01:30:25,903 --> 01:30:28,630
could create an endless
possibility of foods and jobs.

2226
01:30:29,838 --> 01:30:32,012
Climate change, the
environmental crisis,

2227
01:30:32,116 --> 01:30:33,704
the sixth mass extinction,

2228
01:30:33,807 --> 01:30:36,085
the collapse of our planet's
life support systems,

2229
01:30:36,189 --> 01:30:37,432
however, you wanna phrase it,

2230
01:30:37,535 --> 01:30:38,847
it's a complex issue
that cannot be fixed

2231
01:30:38,950 --> 01:30:41,608
by dealing with
industries in isolation.

2232
01:30:41,712 --> 01:30:43,058
If a middle-aged man
has a heart attack

2233
01:30:43,161 --> 01:30:46,199
and he smokes, drinks
excessively, is stressed,

2234
01:30:46,302 --> 01:30:49,305
doesn't exercise, and eats
poorly, then what caused it?

2235
01:30:49,409 --> 01:30:50,755
We should think of
the chronic disease

2236
01:30:50,859 --> 01:30:53,137
our planet has right
now in the same way.

2237
01:30:53,240 --> 01:30:55,208
But where we have little
say in how we currently heat

2238
01:30:55,311 --> 01:30:56,589
or power our homes,

2239
01:30:56,692 --> 01:30:58,038
we do have much more control
over the foods we eat

2240
01:30:58,142 --> 01:31:00,489
and the environmental
impact that comes with it.

2241
01:31:00,593 --> 01:31:02,560
Which is why the single
biggest thing we can do

2242
01:31:02,664 --> 01:31:04,217
to reduce our
environmental impact

2243
01:31:04,320 --> 01:31:07,116
is to reduce or
remove animal-based
products from our diet.

2244
01:31:08,946 --> 01:31:11,949
So, let me get this straight:
we forcibly impregnate a sow.

2245
01:31:12,052 --> 01:31:14,676
When she gives birth, we
barely allow her to move,

2246
01:31:14,779 --> 01:31:16,263
whilst we fan her piglets
up for a few weeks

2247
01:31:16,367 --> 01:31:19,543
until they're taken away and
the process for her repeats.

2248
01:31:19,646 --> 01:31:21,199
Once removed,

2249
01:31:21,303 --> 01:31:22,546
we spend a few more weeks
fattening the piglets up.

2250
01:31:22,649 --> 01:31:25,169
And it's a similar process
for other farm animals,

2251
01:31:25,272 --> 01:31:28,241
one which requires huge
amounts of water and feed,

2252
01:31:28,344 --> 01:31:30,277
which a large chunk is
grown in parts of the world

2253
01:31:30,381 --> 01:31:31,900
using deforested land,

2254
01:31:32,003 --> 01:31:34,350
thus increasing our risk
of zoonotic diseases

2255
01:31:34,454 --> 01:31:36,180
and releasing carbon
into the atmosphere.

2256
01:31:37,353 --> 01:31:38,493
All around the world,

2257
01:31:38,596 --> 01:31:40,184
these animals are
pumped with antibiotics,

2258
01:31:40,287 --> 01:31:42,980
a large chunk of which are
vital for human health,

2259
01:31:43,083 --> 01:31:46,052
creating a greater risk of death
from antibiotic resistance,

2260
01:31:46,155 --> 01:31:48,779
which is already killing
millions of people.

2261
01:31:48,882 --> 01:31:51,229
The manure from the
animals damages the soil,

2262
01:31:51,333 --> 01:31:53,680
runs off into the rivers,
polluting our water,

2263
01:31:53,784 --> 01:31:55,648
and affects human health.

2264
01:31:55,751 --> 01:31:58,340
When it makes it into the
sea, it forms dead zones,

2265
01:31:58,443 --> 01:32:00,687
killing further
planet aquatic life.

2266
01:32:00,791 --> 01:32:03,587
Parts of the ocean not affected
are frequently overfished,

2267
01:32:03,690 --> 01:32:05,830
resulting in millions of
additional sea life killed

2268
01:32:05,934 --> 01:32:07,418
accidentally as bycatch

2269
01:32:07,522 --> 01:32:09,696
while simultaneously
damaging the ocean floor

2270
01:32:09,800 --> 01:32:12,596
and releasing even more
greenhouse gas emissions.

2271
01:32:12,699 --> 01:32:13,942
While all that's going on,

2272
01:32:14,045 --> 01:32:15,702
billions of land
animals around the world

2273
01:32:15,806 --> 01:32:16,979
are sent to slaughter,

2274
01:32:17,083 --> 01:32:19,741
in units hidden away
from the public's view,

2275
01:32:19,844 --> 01:32:21,294
in countries where
not a single one

2276
01:32:21,397 --> 01:32:24,504
has been awarded an A rating
for its farming practices.

2277
01:32:24,608 --> 01:32:25,712
These animals are killed in ways

2278
01:32:25,816 --> 01:32:27,783
that are deemed
humane by governments.

2279
01:32:29,164 --> 01:32:30,786
The meat is then
sold to the public,

2280
01:32:30,890 --> 01:32:32,270
of which a huge percentage

2281
01:32:32,374 --> 01:32:34,479
has been proven to be infected
with different bacteria,

2282
01:32:34,583 --> 01:32:36,481
increasing the risk
of foodborne illness.

2283
01:32:36,585 --> 01:32:38,518
When it finally
reaches our plate,

2284
01:32:38,622 --> 01:32:40,037
and in a world where
one in four people

2285
01:32:40,140 --> 01:32:42,315
now die from a poor diet, we
get to eat a number of foods

2286
01:32:42,418 --> 01:32:45,421
that are classified as type
one or two carcinogens.

2287
01:32:45,525 --> 01:32:46,837
And even the foods that aren't

2288
01:32:46,940 --> 01:32:49,149
are proven to have a far
higher environmental impact

2289
01:32:49,253 --> 01:32:51,151
than their plant-based
alternatives,

2290
01:32:51,255 --> 01:32:52,981
thus contributing enormously

2291
01:32:54,016 --> 01:32:56,260
to the destruction
of a planet we,

2292
01:32:58,849 --> 01:33:00,057
and our loved ones,

2293
01:33:02,128 --> 01:33:03,405
call home.

2294
01:33:03,508 --> 01:33:07,478
[deep contemplative music]

2295
01:33:07,582 --> 01:33:10,619
What the actual fuck?

2296
01:33:14,727 --> 01:33:17,592
[footsteps tapping]

2297
01:33:17,695 --> 01:33:19,697
[door clunking]

2298
01:33:19,801 --> 01:33:21,526
[door slams]
[intense dramatic music]

2299
01:33:21,630 --> 01:33:23,701
Sophia's turn to deadlift.

2300
01:33:23,805 --> 01:33:26,014
On her third attempt,
she's going for a lift

2301
01:33:26,117 --> 01:33:27,671
that will not only give her
the title if she gets it,

2302
01:33:27,774 --> 01:33:29,845
but she'll also smash

2303
01:33:29,949 --> 01:33:32,192
her own British deadlift
record in the process,

2304
01:33:32,296 --> 01:33:36,852
with an enormous lift
of 237.5 kilograms.

2305
01:33:36,956 --> 01:33:38,543
- [Announcer] If she gets this,

2306
01:33:38,647 --> 01:33:41,339
this will be the
biggest deadlift

2307
01:33:41,443 --> 01:33:45,827
in British powerlifting
history for a woman, okay?

2308
01:33:45,930 --> 01:33:48,830
So, no big thing, no big stakes,

2309
01:33:48,933 --> 01:33:51,246
but this is where it goes down.

2310
01:33:51,349 --> 01:33:53,800
237.5 kilos

2311
01:33:53,904 --> 01:33:56,285
on the bar for Sophia Ellis!

2312
01:33:56,389 --> 01:34:00,048
[rousing orchestral music]

2313
01:34:08,712 --> 01:34:13,130
[rousing orchestral
music continues]

2314
01:34:21,932 --> 01:34:26,212
[rousing orchestral
music continues]

2315
01:34:31,527 --> 01:34:34,323
[audience yelling]

2316
01:34:36,532 --> 01:34:39,432
[audience cheering]

2317
01:34:42,021 --> 01:34:44,575
[announcer drowned
out by audience
applauding and cheering]

2318
01:34:44,679 --> 01:34:47,474
[Sophia screams]
[audience cheering]

2319
01:34:47,578 --> 01:34:50,650
You have just won this in three!

2320
01:34:50,754 --> 01:34:55,206
[rousing orchestral
music continues]

2321
01:35:02,731 --> 01:35:07,184
[rousing orchestral
music continues]

2322
01:35:09,600 --> 01:35:11,947
[crowd cheering]
[crowd applauding]

2323
01:35:12,051 --> 01:35:14,191
- [Bystander] Whoo-hoo!

2324
01:35:16,055 --> 01:35:17,194
Whoo!

2325
01:35:17,297 --> 01:35:18,574
[group cheering]

2326
01:35:18,678 --> 01:35:20,231
- [Tom] Thank you.

2327
01:35:26,617 --> 01:35:27,998
- It was her who signed him up.

2328
01:35:28,101 --> 01:35:31,449
- 84 years old, he's
done this race today.

2329
01:35:32,416 --> 01:35:33,210
[crowd cheering]

2330
01:35:33,313 --> 01:35:36,075
Doing press-ups
at the age of 84.

2331
01:35:37,214 --> 01:35:38,629
- [Announcer] Sophia Ellis!

2332
01:35:38,733 --> 01:35:43,807
[audience cheering]
[audience applauding]

2333
01:35:44,359 --> 01:35:46,637
[group laughing]

2334
01:35:46,741 --> 01:35:47,569
- Hey!
- Yeah, mate.

2335
01:35:47,672 --> 01:35:48,743
- Cheers.

2336
01:35:48,846 --> 01:35:50,089
- Well done, mate.
- Thanks, man.

2337
01:35:50,192 --> 01:35:51,228
- It was a pleasure doing
that with you. [laughs]

2338
01:35:51,331 --> 01:35:52,298
- Yeah.

2339
01:35:52,401 --> 01:35:53,609
Oh, oh!

2340
01:35:53,713 --> 01:35:55,266
Yeah, Chan. Hello!

2341
01:35:59,754 --> 01:36:02,929
[phone line ringing]

2342
01:36:04,966 --> 01:36:06,001
[light uplifting music]

2343
01:36:06,105 --> 01:36:07,865
- [Tom's Mum] Hello?

2344
01:36:07,969 --> 01:36:10,799
- Hey, Mum. It's Tom again.

2345
01:36:10,903 --> 01:36:14,009
Really, I just wanted to
call and say thank you.

2346
01:36:14,113 --> 01:36:15,286
Thank you for everything.

2347
01:36:17,530 --> 01:36:21,534
[light uplifting
music continues]

2348
01:36:29,749 --> 01:36:33,995
[light uplifting
music continues]

2349
01:36:36,652 --> 01:36:38,344
- Well, this is up to us.

2350
01:36:38,447 --> 01:36:40,691
Whether we turn it around
or not is up to us.

2351
01:36:40,795 --> 01:36:41,899
It's up to our commitment;

2352
01:36:42,003 --> 01:36:44,660
it's up to the numbers
we can mobilize.

2353
01:36:44,764 --> 01:36:48,423
It's up to whether we can make
sure our voices become louder

2354
01:36:48,526 --> 01:36:51,391
than the lobbyists for
the old legacy industries.

2355
01:36:51,495 --> 01:36:53,083
And whether we can promote

2356
01:36:54,360 --> 01:36:58,157
and press for the new
industries and new change

2357
01:36:58,260 --> 01:36:59,848
and new ways of producing food,

2358
01:36:59,952 --> 01:37:03,162
which are essential to
protecting the living world.

2359
01:37:05,681 --> 01:37:08,477
- [Tom] So, can we
turn this around?

2360
01:37:10,410 --> 01:37:12,343
- [George] We can
turn this around.