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Everyone is intimidated by a shark. Become
a Card Shark AMERICASCARDROOM.COM
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It's really steep.
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Huge fan, huge fan. -Would you
like to have your photo taken?
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Can I have your picture?
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Come on, you guys.
Want to have your picture?
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- Here you go.
- Pleased to have you here.
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Cheesy grin.
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Smile.
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Another cheesy grin.
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All the great scientists
and this is one of 'em - Kepler and...
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Galileo, Newton - we've got one
right here. It's fantastic. Amazing!
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My name is Stephen Hawking.
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For the past 50 years,
I have travelled the world
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studying and lecturing
about time and space
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and the laws that govern
the universe.
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- Hey, Stephen, break a leg.
- Don't say that!
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I'll have to look after him.
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This film is a personal journey
through my life
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told in my own words.
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Come with me and I will show you
how I live and work today...
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...and tell you the story
of how I became who I am.
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Welcome to my world.
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So are you going to take your lunch
in the cafeteria?
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- It's up to you.
- Yes.
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I just have to give Judith a call...
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I think it would kill him
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if he was in a home,
being cared for by nurses.
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I think that would be the end for him.
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He likes to be able to choose
what he wants to do with his life,
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he loves the danger of flying,
he wants to go into space
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and he's been in submarines!
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He's just the most craziest man.
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He's got a lot of guts in him.
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Just through here is
the nurses' room.
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So if anything medical happens,
we'll just grab a phone, phone 999,
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but there is not much
we can actually do
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because Stephen is on a Nippy,
which he'll breathe on.
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If that fails, the only other thing
we could do and we do have -
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we have oxygen cylinders
and we can give him oxygen,
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but if he's in a total state
then we will have to let him go.
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I have lived
over two thirds of my life
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with the threat of death
hanging over me.
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Because every new day
could be my last,
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I have developed a desire to make
the most of each and every minute.
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Although I'm 71 now,
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I still go to work every day
at Cambridge University.
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I'll see you in a bit.
Enjoy your shopping.
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Keeping an active mind
has been vital to my survival,
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as has been maintaining
a sense of humour.
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- Morning, Judith.
- Hello.
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When I went to my job interview,
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I thought he was going to ask me
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about my past medical history
and what I've done before in care,
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but he didn't, he asked
whether I could cook poached eggs!
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And... I was 19 at the time
and I lied,
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cos I didn't know how to cook poached
eggs, but I got the job straightaway.
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Er... it ain't like going to work any more,
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it's like just gonna go and see
a friend...
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well, family.
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Stephen's been there
through the years of me growing up
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and, like, turning into an adult.
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So he's been there through most
of the important stages of my life.
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I've had a very privileged life,
thanks to Stephen.
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Do you enjoy my company?
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Maybe.
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You're horrible to me, ain't ya?
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Yes.
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As you can see,
the gradual advance of my illness
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has meant that I am totally reliant
on those around me.
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71 years ago,
life started that way too.
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I was born in 1942, exactly 300 years
after the death of Galileo.
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My parents were
both at Oxford University,
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where my father studied medicine.
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He later specialised
in tropical diseases.
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It is often said
that a person's early years
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are a good indication
of how they will turn out.
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Perhaps my eldest sister, Mary,
remembers me best.
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I remember Stephen was very
bright, always into things.
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I remember my father made me
a dolls' house,
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so Stephen put in both plumbing
and lighting!
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He liked to win.
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He liked to win in everything.
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We all learnt to play draughts.
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I beat Stephen once, once at draughts,
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and he immediately took up chess
and I never beat him at that again!
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I also spent a lot of time
playing on my own as a boy.
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I had a passion to understand
how things worked,
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from toy trains
to the whole universe.
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He would spend a lot of time
looking at the sky,
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looking at the, um...
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stars and wondering where...
eternity came to an end.
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He couldn't conceive
that there could be something
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without a finish.
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Home life was always
stimulating for me and my siblings.
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My mother and father were intellectuals
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and naturally they expected
their children to follow.
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Both my parents were moving
in the Highgate-Hampstead intelligentsia,
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that sort of circle.
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We always talked -
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everyone talked,
and everybody argued.
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We used to argue theology a lot.
It's a great thing for kids
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because you don't need
any facts whatsoever.
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To outsiders, the Hawking
household was considered eccentric,
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but, for me, it was a place where
my mind was constantly challenged.
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There were books everywhere.
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Bookshelves that were double-banked.
Bookshelves that had,
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on top of upright books,
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rows of other books shoehorned in
wherever there was space.
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It was a less conventional house -
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one in which the children had
a great deal of freedom
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and I remember being
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quite gob-smacked
by the conversation over lunch.
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It was about subjects which were
never talked about in my house -
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sex, homosexuality,
arguments for and against abortion
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and various other subjects
that were quite unusual.
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As I developed into a teenager,
my parents taught me
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to always question things
and think big.
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Stephen devised - and remember,
this was in the early 1950s -
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not just one, but two, computers,
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which we built from scratch.
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It was about the size
of a half-depth fridge,
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but about as tall and about as wide.
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It solved logical problems posed
in binary - if this condition is true
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and that condition is true or that
condition instead is true, then...
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and it would give you
what the "then" meant.
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At school, my classmates
gave me the nickname Einstein,
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even though I was only ever
halfway up the class.
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It was, I like to think,
a very bright class.
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It was always assumed
that Stephen would go to Oxford.
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Both my parents had been to Oxford,
you know, he was extremely bright,
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there was never
any doubt about this.
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He and my father had a difference
of opinion about what he should study.
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Father thought it would be a good thing
if Stephen did medicine,
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but Stephen was not into medicine -
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he'd have made
the most awful doctor...
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...so they compromised.
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We agreed on a degree in natural
sciences, specialising in physics.
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The prevailing attitude at Oxford
at the time was very anti-work.
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You were supposed to be
brilliant without effort...
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or to accept your limitations
and get a fourth-class degree.
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To work hard to get
a better class of degree
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was regarded as the mark
of a "grey man" -
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the worst epithet
in the Oxford vocabulary.
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I think Steve and I fell,
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both of us, right into that category,
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that there was no need to work
or to appear to work,
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and Steve was a very funny guy.
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He was able to appreciate jokes
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and tell jokes the whole time
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and spontaneous humour
was really his forte.
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Row! Row!
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Row!
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At Oxford, I joined
the Rowing Club and became a cox.
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I relished in the freedom,
the speed
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and, of course,
calling the shots.
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The Rowing Club also introduced me
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to one of my favourite pastimes
at Oxford...
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...partying.
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I once calculated that I did
about a thousand hours' work
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in the three years I was there,
an average of an hour a day.
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I'm not proud of this lack of work,
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I'm just describing
my attitude at the time,
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which I shared
with most of my fellow students.
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Within the whole year,
people gradually thought of Steve
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as being the brilliant guy in the year,
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but he was brilliant
in the sense that he could
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make off-the-cuff remarks
which were deep...
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...so he was definitely
a stand-out person of intellect.
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The question always was
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whether he would use that intellect
to go anywhere.
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Good evening, Professor Hawking.
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Well, if the number
of champagne receptions one goes to
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is a measure of success,
then it would seem that I have made it.
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Tonight, I am guest of honour
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at the launch of a supercomputer
called Cosmos, in Cambridge.
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Cosmos is one of the most powerful
computers in the world
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and will enable us to better understand
our place in the universe.
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Stephen's perhaps the world's
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00:16:18,721 --> 00:16:23,961
most famous scientist, you know,
and one can't deny that it's fantastic
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to have his support.
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It really is a big day
for theoretical cosmology in the UK.
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The notion of fame
is a curious thing to me.
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In my mind, I am a scientist
who has been lucky to work
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on some of the fundamental mysteries
of our universe.
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Sometimes I wonder if I am as famous
for my wheelchair and disabilities
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as I am for my discoveries.
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As my student days
were in full swing,
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I was gradually becoming aware
that all was not well.
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During my final year at Oxford,
I had noticed
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that I was getting rather clumsy
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in my movements
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and I fell over once or twice
for no apparent reason.
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But then one evening, late at night,
something more serious happened.
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00:17:54,801 --> 00:17:58,761
I recall the time
that Steve fell down the stairs.
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He fell downstairs all the way
to the bottom.
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He'd lost consciousness and then
he couldn't remember who he was.
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00:18:14,961 --> 00:18:18,641
He couldn't remember where he was,
so it was a very serious thing.
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00:18:31,041 --> 00:18:33,721
When I look back at that fall,
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I didn't realise at the time it was
a warning sign of things to come...
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...but I recovered and soon had
more pressing things on my mind.
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00:18:48,121 --> 00:18:51,001
Despite my relaxed attitude to study,
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00:18:51,121 --> 00:18:53,481
I graduated with first-class honours
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and left Oxford for Cambridge University
to begin my PhD.
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Yet little did I know
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I would soon be diagnosed
with a crippling illness
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that would change my life forever.
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Well, Stephen's speed of communication
has very gradually slowed down.
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A few years ago,
he was still able to use his hand switch
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00:19:48,841 --> 00:19:50,281
and able to communicate by
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00:19:50,401 --> 00:19:52,681
clicking this switch
on his wheelchair.
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00:19:52,801 --> 00:19:54,681
When he wasn't able
to do that any more,
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00:19:54,801 --> 00:19:58,201
we switched over to a switch
that he mounted to his cheek,
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00:19:58,321 --> 00:19:59,921
but with him slowing down with that
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00:20:00,041 --> 00:20:01,761
we've approached his sponsors
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00:20:01,881 --> 00:20:04,841
and so they've been
looking into facial recognition.
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00:20:06,001 --> 00:20:08,801
This is a high-speed camera
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00:20:08,921 --> 00:20:11,681
which will allow us to see
very fine details
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00:20:11,801 --> 00:20:14,241
on the facial expressions
and this will help us to improve
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00:20:14,361 --> 00:20:17,241
- the rate of your speech and input.
- Yeah.
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00:20:17,361 --> 00:20:21,841
I have had to learn to live
with my slow rate of communication.
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00:20:21,961 --> 00:20:25,961
I can only write by flinching
my cheek muscle
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to move the cursor on my computer.
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One day
I fear this muscle will fail,
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00:20:32,361 --> 00:20:35,881
but I would like to be able
to speak more quickly.
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00:20:36,001 --> 00:20:39,361
Do you want me to change it
to English Alphabetic?
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00:20:41,281 --> 00:20:43,161
Yeah. I'm buzzing.
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00:20:44,681 --> 00:20:46,041
Yeah?
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00:20:52,241 --> 00:20:54,521
Is that all...? Is that all OK, Stephen?
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00:20:56,081 --> 00:20:57,001
Yeah?
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00:20:58,161 --> 00:21:00,201
I'm not getting this at all,
Stephen.
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Sometimes he can make a mistake
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and then he deletes it and then
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he makes another mistake and deletes it
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00:21:08,601 --> 00:21:10,641
and, you know, it can be frustrating
there watching
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00:21:10,761 --> 00:21:13,521
and he can see the frustration
on his face as well.
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00:21:16,241 --> 00:21:20,561
I am hoping this current
generation of software experts
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00:21:20,681 --> 00:21:24,881
can harness what little movement
I have left in my face
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and turn it into faster communication.
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00:21:28,641 --> 00:21:32,081
Your current piece of software
is a little dated, well, it's a lot dated,
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00:21:32,201 --> 00:21:34,681
but you're very used to using it,
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00:21:34,801 --> 00:21:36,641
so we've changed
the method by which
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00:21:36,761 --> 00:21:39,201
your next word prediction works
243
00:21:39,321 --> 00:21:40,841
and it can pretty much pick up
244
00:21:40,961 --> 00:21:43,201
the correct word every single time,
245
00:21:43,321 --> 00:21:46,801
even if you're... even if
you're letters away from it.
246
00:21:46,921 --> 00:21:50,041
This is a big improvement
over the previous version.
247
00:21:50,161 --> 00:21:51,761
I really like it.
248
00:21:51,881 --> 00:21:55,641
- That's pretty amazing, the...
- I think it's actually gone brilliantly.
249
00:21:55,761 --> 00:21:58,961
The stuff that we've showed him
he was excited about.
250
00:21:59,081 --> 00:22:01,441
Anything better than
what he's doing,
251
00:22:01,561 --> 00:22:04,441
I think, is going to be a success
and anything
252
00:22:04,561 --> 00:22:08,681
that doesn't complicate Stephen's life
any more than it is,
253
00:22:08,801 --> 00:22:11,361
I think that will be a success as well.
254
00:22:11,481 --> 00:22:13,921
ATV120,
thank you very much.
255
00:22:22,241 --> 00:22:24,881
In 1962, aged 20,
256
00:22:25,001 --> 00:22:29,561
when I arrived at Cambridge
to begin my PhD,
257
00:22:29,681 --> 00:22:33,441
I was also desperate for my voice
to be heard as I embarked
258
00:22:33,561 --> 00:22:37,321
on my first real
scientific challenge.
259
00:22:37,441 --> 00:22:42,881
At the time, two theories battled
to correctly describe the universe.
260
00:22:44,161 --> 00:22:45,521
The steady-state theory
261
00:22:45,641 --> 00:22:47,681
held that the universe
had always existed
262
00:22:47,801 --> 00:22:50,201
and would exist forever.
263
00:22:51,801 --> 00:22:55,761
But there was another,
more exciting idea.
264
00:22:56,801 --> 00:22:58,481
The big-bang theory suggested
265
00:22:58,601 --> 00:23:02,081
that the universe had begun
with a huge explosion.
266
00:23:03,681 --> 00:23:05,281
I decided to try to see
267
00:23:05,401 --> 00:23:09,681
if I could shed any light
on how the big bang came to be.
268
00:23:12,921 --> 00:23:17,601
But, by now, the immediate challenge
I was facing
269
00:23:17,721 --> 00:23:20,321
was to keep control of my body.
270
00:23:20,441 --> 00:23:23,841
My movements were becoming
even more erratic,
271
00:23:23,961 --> 00:23:27,161
though I was determined
not to worry my family,
272
00:23:27,281 --> 00:23:29,761
so I tried to keep it to myself.
273
00:23:32,321 --> 00:23:35,521
Stephen went home for Christmas
after one term
274
00:23:35,641 --> 00:23:37,561
and the symptoms that he had
275
00:23:37,681 --> 00:23:41,081
had become too severe
to hide from his parents.
276
00:23:42,161 --> 00:23:46,401
His father insisted on taking him
to, I think, the family doctor first
277
00:23:46,521 --> 00:23:49,841
and then that doctor recommended
a specialist in London.
278
00:23:55,041 --> 00:23:57,841
So, after Christmas,
Stephen and his father went to London
279
00:23:57,961 --> 00:24:00,161
and St Bartholomew's Hospital.
280
00:24:02,921 --> 00:24:05,241
I was in hospital for two weeks
281
00:24:05,361 --> 00:24:08,121
and had a wide range
of unpleasant tests.
282
00:24:10,481 --> 00:24:15,721
They took a muscle sample from my arm
and stuck electrodes into me.
283
00:24:18,321 --> 00:24:23,361
Then they injected some liquid
into my spine and took X-rays.
284
00:24:24,881 --> 00:24:29,761
Eventually, I was diagnosed with
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis...
285
00:24:31,081 --> 00:24:34,601
...otherwise known
as motor neurone disease or ALS.
286
00:24:36,241 --> 00:24:37,921
The prognosis was not good.
287
00:24:39,121 --> 00:24:43,041
I was given two to three years to live.
288
00:24:46,081 --> 00:24:50,161
It was always hard to tell
how Stephen took it,
289
00:24:50,281 --> 00:24:52,561
because for one thing
he wouldn't talk about it.
290
00:24:54,001 --> 00:24:56,721
You know, if you can't do
anything about it, you...
291
00:24:56,841 --> 00:24:59,921
probably don't want
to talk about it, or...
292
00:25:01,321 --> 00:25:03,041
...or have people talk about it.
293
00:25:05,921 --> 00:25:08,441
He did seem pretty depressed
294
00:25:08,561 --> 00:25:11,121
and I don't think
he accepted it emotionally.
295
00:25:14,081 --> 00:25:15,961
The whole family went to pieces.
296
00:25:17,161 --> 00:25:19,801
It was such a shock for everybody.
297
00:25:19,921 --> 00:25:21,721
My aunt turned white in the night
298
00:25:21,841 --> 00:25:24,321
and we all thought he'd be, you know...
299
00:25:24,441 --> 00:25:26,961
he was not going to be able to live
for very long.
300
00:25:34,481 --> 00:25:37,161
Not knowing
what was going to happen to me
301
00:25:37,281 --> 00:25:40,441
or how rapidly the disease would progress,
302
00:25:40,561 --> 00:25:41,921
I was at a loose end.
303
00:25:43,241 --> 00:25:47,001
The doctors told me to go back to
Cambridge...
304
00:25:47,002 --> 00:25:49,802
and carry on with my research...
305
00:25:50,361 --> 00:25:54,721
...but I was not making much progress
and anyway
306
00:25:54,841 --> 00:25:57,921
I might not live long enough
to finish my PhD.
307
00:26:00,161 --> 00:26:03,041
I felt somewhat
of a tragic character,
308
00:26:03,161 --> 00:26:05,721
I took to listening to Wagner.
309
00:27:03,441 --> 00:27:07,841
Wagner's The Annunciation Of Death
made a great impression on me
310
00:27:07,961 --> 00:27:12,961
when I first heard it, as I had just
developed motor neurone disease.
311
00:27:15,681 --> 00:27:19,521
I identified with it
and still do today.
312
00:27:36,681 --> 00:27:41,241
But as it turned out, I didn't die.
313
00:27:41,361 --> 00:27:45,361
At first, the disease seemed
to progress fairly rapidly.
314
00:27:45,481 --> 00:27:49,801
As time went by, however,
it seemed to slow down.
315
00:27:51,121 --> 00:27:53,681
I also began to make progress
with my work.
316
00:27:55,321 --> 00:27:57,641
But what really made the difference
317
00:27:57,761 --> 00:28:01,921
was falling in love with a girl
called Jane Wilde
318
00:28:02,041 --> 00:28:05,561
whom I had met
about the same time I was diagnosed.
319
00:28:05,681 --> 00:28:08,441
This gave me something to live for.
320
00:28:11,681 --> 00:28:14,201
Oh, he was great fun, he was eccentric.
321
00:28:15,281 --> 00:28:19,681
I was really drawn
to his very wide smile
322
00:28:19,801 --> 00:28:22,001
and his beautiful grey eyes...
323
00:28:23,361 --> 00:28:26,321
...and I think that's what made me
fall in love with him.
324
00:28:28,561 --> 00:28:30,721
We were going to defy the disease,
325
00:28:30,841 --> 00:28:32,921
we were going to defy the doctors
326
00:28:33,041 --> 00:28:36,001
and we were going
to challenge the future.
327
00:28:37,201 --> 00:28:40,841
Jane was beautiful and gentle
328
00:28:40,961 --> 00:28:44,641
and seemingly undaunted
by the harsh reality of my illness.
329
00:28:55,881 --> 00:28:59,041
Falling in love
and getting engaged
330
00:28:59,161 --> 00:29:01,761
was the motivation that I needed.
331
00:29:01,881 --> 00:29:04,761
If I were to get married,
I had to get a job,
332
00:29:04,881 --> 00:29:08,961
and to get a job
I had to finish my PhD.
333
00:29:09,081 --> 00:29:13,761
I therefore started working hard
for the first time in my life.
334
00:29:15,001 --> 00:29:18,361
To my surprise, I found I liked it.
335
00:29:18,481 --> 00:29:23,481
Well, Stephen had found
his groove, he'd found his trajectory
336
00:29:23,601 --> 00:29:26,281
and when Stephen finds a trajectory
he pursues it.
337
00:29:27,881 --> 00:29:31,601
It was terribly exciting
because he had been so depressed
338
00:29:31,721 --> 00:29:35,641
and here he was
with a new lease of life.
339
00:29:37,201 --> 00:29:40,361
Perhaps because I realised
I might not have much time,
340
00:29:40,481 --> 00:29:42,321
I renewed my efforts
341
00:29:42,441 --> 00:29:47,321
to tackle the big question in cosmology
in the early '60s...
342
00:29:48,361 --> 00:29:51,841
...did the universe
have a beginning or not?
343
00:29:51,961 --> 00:29:57,001
Many scientists were instinctively
opposed to the idea of a big bang,
344
00:29:57,121 --> 00:30:00,601
because it implies a moment of creation...
345
00:30:02,401 --> 00:30:03,601
...the hand of God.
346
00:30:04,801 --> 00:30:09,161
For me, though, religion has
no role to play in physics,
347
00:30:09,281 --> 00:30:12,961
so I wondered if the big bang
could have happened on its own
348
00:30:13,081 --> 00:30:15,321
without the need for a god
to get it going?
349
00:30:19,881 --> 00:30:22,401
The key was in the theory
of black holes.
350
00:30:24,121 --> 00:30:29,001
At the time, physicist Roger Penrose
was working on what happens
351
00:30:29,121 --> 00:30:32,521
when a star collapses
under the force of its own gravity.
352
00:30:34,081 --> 00:30:36,921
Penrose claimed
the star would crush itself
353
00:30:37,041 --> 00:30:39,281
to a tiny point of infinite density
354
00:30:39,401 --> 00:30:42,321
where even time itself
would come to a stop.
355
00:30:43,721 --> 00:30:48,161
He called it a "singularity" -
the heart of a black hole.
356
00:30:49,721 --> 00:30:54,041
When I was doing this work
on gravitation collapse, black holes,
357
00:30:54,161 --> 00:30:55,641
I'd never heard of Stephen,
358
00:30:55,761 --> 00:30:58,761
so I had a little private session,
and he was somebody
359
00:30:58,881 --> 00:31:01,121
who picked up ideas quickly.
360
00:31:01,241 --> 00:31:02,921
He sort of stood out
as being someone
361
00:31:03,041 --> 00:31:06,081
who asked extremely awkward
questions. I do remember that!
362
00:31:07,841 --> 00:31:09,601
I worked relentlessly to see
363
00:31:09,721 --> 00:31:14,521
if I could apply the notion
of a singularity to the entire universe.
364
00:31:15,641 --> 00:31:17,961
Then, suddenly, I had it.
365
00:31:21,081 --> 00:31:24,001
I imagined going backwards
to the beginning
366
00:31:24,121 --> 00:31:26,561
and worked out that,
right at the start,
367
00:31:26,681 --> 00:31:29,881
the universe
would have been a singularity too.
368
00:31:33,161 --> 00:31:37,761
Here, time stops - you've reached
the true beginning of everything.
369
00:31:39,441 --> 00:31:44,041
There is no previous time in which
the universe could have had a cause.
370
00:31:45,201 --> 00:31:49,881
It spontaneously created itself
in the big bang.
371
00:31:58,361 --> 00:32:02,361
The work that Stephen did
basically showed there was
372
00:32:02,481 --> 00:32:05,441
a singular state
which couldn't have come
373
00:32:05,561 --> 00:32:08,521
from a previous universe.
374
00:32:08,641 --> 00:32:13,321
So you could say it is a theory which
tells you the universe had a beginning.
375
00:32:19,041 --> 00:32:21,521
By addressing
the question of creation
376
00:32:21,641 --> 00:32:23,001
that physicists had avoided,
377
00:32:23,121 --> 00:32:27,841
I had controversially shown
the laws of nature suggest
378
00:32:27,961 --> 00:32:31,081
there is no need for a creator or a god.
379
00:32:32,401 --> 00:32:36,401
The universe just
came into existence all by itself.
380
00:32:47,561 --> 00:32:51,321
My findings about the big bang
and the possible beginning
381
00:32:51,441 --> 00:32:56,281
of the universe gave me the results
I needed to enhance my PhD.
382
00:32:57,361 --> 00:32:59,761
I applied for a research fellowship
383
00:32:59,881 --> 00:33:03,721
at Gonville and Caius College
which proved successful.
384
00:33:03,841 --> 00:33:07,681
The money from the fellowship meant
that Jane and I could get married,
385
00:33:07,801 --> 00:33:11,481
which we did in July 1965.
386
00:33:14,841 --> 00:33:20,281
We had the maximum
number of guests in the tiny chapel.
387
00:33:20,401 --> 00:33:25,841
Stephen was walking with a stick
and he was losing strength in his arms
388
00:33:25,961 --> 00:33:30,161
and we went off for our honeymoon
to upstate New York
389
00:33:30,281 --> 00:33:34,041
to a physics conference
at Cornell University
390
00:33:34,161 --> 00:33:39,241
and there I got to know
that a goddess in Stephen's life,
391
00:33:39,361 --> 00:33:42,561
with whom I was sharing the marriage,
was physics!
392
00:33:47,841 --> 00:33:50,641
After returning
from our honeymoon,
393
00:33:50,761 --> 00:33:51,961
Jane and I bought a house
394
00:33:52,081 --> 00:33:54,881
in Little St Mary's Lane
in the centre of Cambridge.
395
00:33:58,441 --> 00:34:03,001
In March 1966,
I completed and submitted
396
00:34:03,121 --> 00:34:06,041
my PhD thesis,
with the help of Jane,
397
00:34:06,161 --> 00:34:10,881
who had spent many painstaking hours
at the typewriter, typing it up.
398
00:34:12,801 --> 00:34:17,801
The findings in my thesis greatly
enhanced my reputation in cosmology.
399
00:34:19,321 --> 00:34:23,921
Stephen's profile
certainly did, I think, rocket.
400
00:34:24,041 --> 00:34:28,721
It's important to know
that there was a big bang
401
00:34:28,841 --> 00:34:33,001
because that governs our cosmology.
402
00:34:34,801 --> 00:34:38,121
It's also important to know
what it was like
403
00:34:38,241 --> 00:34:40,681
and why it was like what it was like,
404
00:34:40,801 --> 00:34:44,001
because when you trace back
everything in nature
405
00:34:44,121 --> 00:34:46,561
you get ultimately to the big bang,
406
00:34:46,681 --> 00:34:49,121
and the fact that it was
a singular state
407
00:34:49,241 --> 00:34:52,921
is very much part of that understanding.
408
00:35:10,081 --> 00:35:16,321
Stephen, I'll just do a quick recap, um...
of my PhD, yeah? That's fine, yeah?
409
00:35:16,441 --> 00:35:18,641
My early work went some way
to answering
410
00:35:18,761 --> 00:35:21,161
how our universe began,
411
00:35:21,281 --> 00:35:25,201
but there is still
plenty more to find out.
412
00:35:25,321 --> 00:35:30,401
Brane-world black holes should radiate
if they aren't extreme, but slowly.
413
00:35:30,521 --> 00:35:36,041
At Cambridge, I mentor a new generation
of cosmologists
414
00:35:36,161 --> 00:35:39,681
who are tackling ever-tougher questions.
415
00:35:39,801 --> 00:35:42,641
It's this work that I enjoy the most.
416
00:35:42,761 --> 00:35:46,001
You might as well say
the Schwarzschild solution doesn't exist
417
00:35:46,121 --> 00:35:47,481
because it radiates.
418
00:35:48,561 --> 00:35:50,761
Well, I'll have to think about it.
419
00:35:50,881 --> 00:35:53,441
He's in the office every day
and, I mean, it's basically
420
00:35:53,561 --> 00:35:56,161
for us PhD students.
It's great - I mean, he's there for us
421
00:35:56,281 --> 00:36:01,401
if we want him to, kind of, right, so, no,
no, I mean, it's... it's a great privilege.
422
00:36:04,521 --> 00:36:09,161
I have always wanted to share
my enthusiasm and excitement.
423
00:36:10,681 --> 00:36:13,441
There's nothing like
the eureka moment
424
00:36:13,561 --> 00:36:16,841
of discovering something
that no-one knew before.
425
00:36:16,961 --> 00:36:21,121
I won't compare it to sex,
but it lasts longer.
426
00:36:30,681 --> 00:36:33,241
My next major eureka moment
happened
427
00:36:33,361 --> 00:36:36,081
when I was least expecting it.
428
00:36:36,201 --> 00:36:39,641
In the autumn of 1970,
429
00:36:39,761 --> 00:36:43,561
I had been concentrating
my research on black holes.
430
00:36:45,921 --> 00:36:49,961
By now, Jane and I had two children -
431
00:36:50,081 --> 00:36:54,401
Robert, aged three years,
and Lucy, who had just been born.
432
00:36:54,521 --> 00:36:59,001
One evening in November,
as I was getting ready for bed,
433
00:36:59,121 --> 00:37:02,681
an idea charged through my brain.
434
00:37:04,561 --> 00:37:07,601
Only cosmologists would truly grasp it,
435
00:37:07,721 --> 00:37:10,281
but it would greatly enhance
my reputation.
436
00:37:12,441 --> 00:37:14,561
I was sitting
on one side of the bed
437
00:37:14,681 --> 00:37:16,841
and Stephen was sitting
on the other side of the bed
438
00:37:16,961 --> 00:37:18,441
tussling with his buttons
439
00:37:18,561 --> 00:37:24,441
and this was one evening
when he took longer about it than usual.
440
00:37:24,561 --> 00:37:26,681
So I finished feeding the baby
441
00:37:26,801 --> 00:37:28,761
and then he said...
442
00:37:30,161 --> 00:37:32,481
"I think I've solved a problem."
443
00:37:35,401 --> 00:37:39,241
Suddenly, I had a revelation
about what happens
444
00:37:39,361 --> 00:37:42,281
when two black holes collide and merge.
445
00:37:44,361 --> 00:37:47,601
I realised that the surface area
of the new black hole
446
00:37:47,721 --> 00:37:51,241
could only get bigger -
it could never decrease in size.
447
00:37:52,321 --> 00:37:54,961
This may sound like
an obscure discovery,
448
00:37:55,081 --> 00:37:58,881
but it revealed some fundamental
properties of the universe.
449
00:38:00,001 --> 00:38:03,281
Even though few physicists
could understand it at the time,
450
00:38:03,401 --> 00:38:05,801
for me, it was very exciting.
451
00:38:07,161 --> 00:38:11,121
I was writing the rule book
for black holes.
452
00:38:11,241 --> 00:38:14,081
Now my voice would really be heard.
453
00:38:16,561 --> 00:38:19,201
I knew he'd done something
very important,
454
00:38:19,321 --> 00:38:21,121
so I was absolutely thrilled
455
00:38:21,241 --> 00:38:24,601
and this, of course, made his name
in a big way in physics -
456
00:38:24,721 --> 00:38:29,041
he'd been recognised
as somebody with great potential,
457
00:38:29,161 --> 00:38:32,961
but now he really had
a discovery to his name.
458
00:38:51,761 --> 00:38:55,721
By the early 1970s,
my career in cosmology
459
00:38:55,841 --> 00:39:00,001
and my understandings of the universe
were beginning to blossom.
460
00:39:03,841 --> 00:39:06,361
But as my mind grew in confidence
461
00:39:06,481 --> 00:39:09,521
my body was going
into a rapid decline.
462
00:39:14,321 --> 00:39:18,881
At home, I was reluctant
to ask for help from outsiders
463
00:39:19,001 --> 00:39:22,041
and was relying upon Jane
more and more to help me
464
00:39:22,161 --> 00:39:26,441
get up in the morning,
get dressed and get to work.
465
00:39:26,561 --> 00:39:32,441
And when I got to Cambridge
I needed my students to help me too.
466
00:39:32,561 --> 00:39:34,801
Are we signing this?
467
00:39:34,921 --> 00:39:36,081
Yes.
468
00:39:36,201 --> 00:39:37,721
I first met Stephen
469
00:39:37,841 --> 00:39:42,841
in 1972 at Cambridge
when I became his PhD student.
470
00:39:42,961 --> 00:39:46,721
He was in a wheelchair,
but a push wheelchair,
471
00:39:46,841 --> 00:39:50,881
and so I also had a role in helping him -
with eating
472
00:39:51,001 --> 00:39:54,401
and moving around and having coffee
and tea and things like that,
473
00:39:54,521 --> 00:39:57,721
so it was a rather unusual relationship.
474
00:39:57,841 --> 00:40:01,961
In those days, Stephen, of course,
was still speaking with his voice,
475
00:40:02,081 --> 00:40:03,761
but his voice was still weak,
476
00:40:03,881 --> 00:40:06,121
so it wasn't so easy to hear
what he was saying.
477
00:40:22,721 --> 00:40:24,601
And, indeed,
when I travelled with Stephen,
478
00:40:24,721 --> 00:40:27,961
I would often be acting
as an interpreter,
479
00:40:28,081 --> 00:40:29,481
so Stephen would say something
480
00:40:29,601 --> 00:40:32,361
and if the person he was speaking to
couldn't understand,
481
00:40:32,481 --> 00:40:33,881
I would then repeat it.
482
00:40:43,681 --> 00:40:46,521
Although I was becoming
increasingly trapped
483
00:40:46,641 --> 00:40:52,281
inside my dysfunctioning body,
fortunately my mind was unaffected.
484
00:40:55,321 --> 00:41:00,801
I had a new big question
I felt compelled to find the answer to.
485
00:41:00,921 --> 00:41:05,241
My reputation in the field of black holes
was established
486
00:41:05,361 --> 00:41:07,401
as we entered a golden age.
487
00:41:08,961 --> 00:41:11,361
But my next discovery
would throw
488
00:41:11,481 --> 00:41:15,321
all of cosmologists' findings to date
up in the air.
489
00:41:16,361 --> 00:41:19,561
The calculations I was working on
490
00:41:19,681 --> 00:41:23,841
involved what happened to particles
on the edge of a black hole
491
00:41:23,961 --> 00:41:26,961
that were sucked in and disappeared.
492
00:41:28,321 --> 00:41:30,121
To my great surprise,
493
00:41:30,241 --> 00:41:33,801
I found that some particles
could escape the black hole,
494
00:41:33,921 --> 00:41:37,841
which seemed to make a mockery
of the known laws of physics.
495
00:41:40,521 --> 00:41:42,761
At first, I thought
this must be a mistake.
496
00:41:42,881 --> 00:41:46,241
I do remember
when he was working on this problem
497
00:41:46,361 --> 00:41:49,441
and, indeed, I even remember
when he told me he was working out
498
00:41:49,561 --> 00:41:52,241
the quantum effects of these black holes
and he seemed to be getting
499
00:41:52,361 --> 00:41:54,801
this flux of particles coming out.
500
00:41:54,921 --> 00:41:56,681
When Stephen's
thinking about a problem
501
00:41:56,801 --> 00:41:59,201
he will become
obviously obsessed with it.
502
00:42:00,721 --> 00:42:03,001
It was a very intense period.
503
00:42:03,121 --> 00:42:06,641
It was when he could be surrounded
by children
504
00:42:06,761 --> 00:42:12,121
and not notice what was going on,
because he was like Rodin's Thinker
505
00:42:12,241 --> 00:42:14,641
with his head in his hands,
506
00:42:14,761 --> 00:42:19,561
often accompanied by Wagner
blaring out from the loudspeakers.
507
00:42:36,921 --> 00:42:38,681
It used to drive me spare!
508
00:42:44,441 --> 00:42:47,801
Finally, after months
of exhaustive work,
509
00:42:47,921 --> 00:42:49,801
I found what I was looking for.
510
00:42:49,921 --> 00:42:54,961
Contrary to all previously held theories
on black holes,
511
00:42:55,081 --> 00:42:58,161
I discovered
that they must emit particles,
512
00:42:58,281 --> 00:43:01,201
like a hot body losing heat.
513
00:43:01,321 --> 00:43:03,641
This "evaporation" meant, in theory,
514
00:43:03,761 --> 00:43:06,361
a black hole could eventually
disappear.
515
00:43:12,601 --> 00:43:18,281
I announced my findings
on St Valentine's Day in 1974
516
00:43:18,401 --> 00:43:23,721
at a cosmology conference in Oxford,
to a packed audience.
517
00:43:23,841 --> 00:43:25,081
He came to an end.
518
00:43:26,401 --> 00:43:30,121
And there was absolute silence
in the lecture hall...
519
00:43:31,721 --> 00:43:36,561
...and I can see it now -
the chairman of the lecture
520
00:43:36,681 --> 00:43:40,121
jumped to his feet
and instead of saying,
521
00:43:40,241 --> 00:43:44,081
"Oh, I must thank Professor Hawking
for his remarkable lecture,"
522
00:43:44,201 --> 00:43:47,961
he said, "This is preposterous!
I have never heard anything like it!"
523
00:43:50,161 --> 00:43:52,521
The whole place was abuzz.
524
00:43:52,641 --> 00:43:55,881
People couldn't believe
what they had heard.
525
00:43:57,681 --> 00:43:59,921
My controversial discovery
526
00:44:00,041 --> 00:44:02,321
initially shocked
the world of physics...
527
00:44:03,721 --> 00:44:08,681
...but eventually it became accepted
and known as Hawking radiation.
528
00:44:10,441 --> 00:44:12,521
I am proud to have discovered it.
529
00:44:14,241 --> 00:44:16,581
This was a
remarkably important result
530
00:44:16,582 --> 00:44:18,482
because it was a result which...
531
00:44:18,601 --> 00:44:24,881
unified relativity theory and
quantum theory and thermodynamics.
532
00:44:25,001 --> 00:44:30,081
And physics is really
all about unifying ideas.
533
00:44:30,201 --> 00:44:32,881
These three subjects
seemed to be brought together
534
00:44:33,001 --> 00:44:36,681
and this was the first time we'd seen
that kind of unification.
535
00:44:36,801 --> 00:44:40,281
Every now and then in physics,
you get a result which is...
536
00:44:40,401 --> 00:44:43,361
it's so beautiful, it really is
like rolling candy on the tongue.
537
00:44:43,481 --> 00:44:46,361
Oh, I was enormously proud...
538
00:44:46,481 --> 00:44:49,521
enormously proud
of what Stephen had achieved.
539
00:44:50,921 --> 00:44:54,241
After I announced my theory
of Hawking radiation
540
00:44:54,361 --> 00:44:58,161
and a later discovery
of exploding black holes,
541
00:44:58,281 --> 00:45:01,441
a procession of international awards
followed.
542
00:45:01,561 --> 00:45:07,001
In the spring of 1974,
I was inducted into the Royal Society,
543
00:45:07,121 --> 00:45:09,841
one of the most prestigious
bodies of scientists.
544
00:45:11,161 --> 00:45:14,441
My name now sat alongside
Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin.
545
00:45:16,561 --> 00:45:20,081
A year later, I received
the Gold Medal for Science,
546
00:45:20,201 --> 00:45:23,361
from Pope Paul VI.
547
00:45:23,481 --> 00:45:29,241
Aged 32, I was thrilled to have
such high-profile awards to my name
548
00:45:29,361 --> 00:45:32,281
and exciting new opportunities beckoned.
549
00:45:34,201 --> 00:45:38,321
- # All the leaves are brown
- # All the leaves are brown
550
00:45:38,441 --> 00:45:42,521
- # And the sky is grey
- # And the sky is grey
551
00:45:42,641 --> 00:45:46,641
- # I've been for a walk
- # I've been for a walk
552
00:45:46,761 --> 00:45:50,641
- # on a winter's day
- # on a winter's day
553
00:45:50,761 --> 00:45:54,561
- # I'd be safe and warm
- # I'd be safe and warm
554
00:45:54,681 --> 00:45:59,921
- # if was in LA
- # if was in LA... #
555
00:46:00,041 --> 00:46:04,601
In 1974,
doors started to open for me...
556
00:46:07,561 --> 00:46:10,081
...and I was invited
on a visiting professorship
557
00:46:10,201 --> 00:46:14,841
to the California Institute of Technology
in Los Angeles.
558
00:46:16,041 --> 00:46:19,921
This meant moving with the whole family
for the academic year
559
00:46:20,041 --> 00:46:23,561
and the lure of the American West Coast
was irresistible.
560
00:46:32,401 --> 00:46:34,561
We were in the midst
of a revolution
561
00:46:34,681 --> 00:46:37,521
in the application of quantum physics
to black holes.
562
00:46:37,641 --> 00:46:40,001
I was simply hoping
to have a year in which
563
00:46:40,121 --> 00:46:43,761
the result would be better science
done by Caltech scientists,
564
00:46:43,881 --> 00:46:45,641
by my research group and others
565
00:46:45,761 --> 00:46:47,801
and better science done by Stephen.
566
00:46:49,241 --> 00:46:53,761
Life in California was
very different from Cambridge.
567
00:46:53,881 --> 00:46:56,561
I now had a large salary
and a big house
568
00:46:56,681 --> 00:46:59,841
just a stone's throw from the university.
569
00:47:01,681 --> 00:47:04,041
Well, America could have been
on another planet.
570
00:47:04,161 --> 00:47:05,841
We were living in the lap of luxury,
571
00:47:05,961 --> 00:47:09,041
no expense spared to make us welcome,
572
00:47:09,161 --> 00:47:13,041
and this great gift
of an electric wheelchair
573
00:47:13,161 --> 00:47:15,881
provided for Stephen's use.
574
00:47:16,001 --> 00:47:21,241
Yet, although we had all
the mod cons that America could offer us,
575
00:47:21,361 --> 00:47:26,001
it was becoming clear that the demands
of home life on Jane
576
00:47:26,121 --> 00:47:28,081
were becoming too intense.
577
00:47:30,801 --> 00:47:33,481
Looking after two young children
578
00:47:33,601 --> 00:47:37,121
and trying to cope
with my ever-increasing disabilities
579
00:47:37,241 --> 00:47:39,481
were causing too much strain.
580
00:47:41,161 --> 00:47:45,881
I could not see my way through
581
00:47:46,001 --> 00:47:48,561
what it was going to demand of me...
582
00:47:49,721 --> 00:47:51,241
...and this wonderful idea came to me -
583
00:47:51,361 --> 00:47:54,001
if we were going
to go to California
584
00:47:54,121 --> 00:47:56,481
and the students were
going to come too,
585
00:47:56,601 --> 00:48:00,321
why didn't we offer them
a bed in our house
586
00:48:00,441 --> 00:48:02,761
in return for some help
with Stephen?
587
00:48:03,921 --> 00:48:06,201
Of course,
it's not the normal relationship
588
00:48:06,321 --> 00:48:09,521
between a student
and the PhD supervisor,
589
00:48:09,641 --> 00:48:13,481
but, for me, that was a good deal
because I lived rent free
590
00:48:13,601 --> 00:48:17,121
in exchange for sort of helping
Stephen out around the home,
591
00:48:17,241 --> 00:48:20,841
you know, at bath times and helping
with meals and things like that.
592
00:48:23,041 --> 00:48:26,641
But the excitement
of a new life in California
593
00:48:26,761 --> 00:48:30,361
was harshly interrupted
by my motor neurone disease.
594
00:48:31,441 --> 00:48:35,321
The physical symptoms took
an irreversible turn for the worse.
595
00:48:37,281 --> 00:48:39,801
That was the year in which
he lost the use of his hands.
596
00:48:39,921 --> 00:48:42,841
When he arrived,
he could still write equations,
597
00:48:42,961 --> 00:48:44,281
though with some difficulty.
598
00:48:44,401 --> 00:48:45,881
By the end of the year, he couldn't.
599
00:48:46,001 --> 00:48:49,121
So it was... in terms of
his physical development,
600
00:48:49,241 --> 00:48:51,201
it was a more difficult period.
601
00:48:51,321 --> 00:48:53,641
On the other hand,
in terms of his mental development,
602
00:48:53,761 --> 00:48:56,601
as he gradually lost
the use of his hands,
603
00:48:56,721 --> 00:49:00,521
he further developed
his unique ways of thinking
604
00:49:00,641 --> 00:49:04,921
by manipulating shapes
and topologies in his head
605
00:49:05,041 --> 00:49:09,281
and became even more advanced
than the rest of us.
606
00:49:12,401 --> 00:49:15,801
By losing
the finer dexterity of my hands,
607
00:49:15,921 --> 00:49:19,161
I was forced to travel through
the universe in my mind
608
00:49:19,281 --> 00:49:22,641
and try to visualise
the ways in which it worked.
609
00:49:25,001 --> 00:49:28,801
He could move at lightning speed
across the frontiers of knowledge
610
00:49:28,921 --> 00:49:31,561
and see things
that nobody else could see.
611
00:49:31,681 --> 00:49:39,321
The disability forced him to carry himself
in new ways, new directions.
612
00:49:57,161 --> 00:50:01,361
Turning problems over
in my mind has been my main method
613
00:50:01,481 --> 00:50:04,041
of discovery for nearly half my life now.
614
00:50:06,121 --> 00:50:09,201
While all around me
people have buzzed away,
615
00:50:09,321 --> 00:50:10,841
deep in conversation,
616
00:50:10,961 --> 00:50:13,441
I have often been transported afar,
617
00:50:13,561 --> 00:50:19,761
lost inside my own thoughts, trying
to fathom how the universe works.
618
00:51:04,761 --> 00:51:09,761
When we returned from California
in the summer of 1975,
619
00:51:09,881 --> 00:51:13,961
much of the future,
living with my illness, seemed uncertain.
620
00:51:15,361 --> 00:51:20,521
So Jane and I took comfort
in the security of a happy family life...
621
00:51:22,481 --> 00:51:24,201
...and, to make home life easier,
622
00:51:24,321 --> 00:51:27,041
we realised my disabilities
meant that we needed
623
00:51:27,161 --> 00:51:29,801
a student living with us full-time.
624
00:51:30,841 --> 00:51:32,561
I knew that Stephen Hawking was
a brilliant scientist
625
00:51:32,681 --> 00:51:34,201
and I was told that he was
severely disabled
626
00:51:34,321 --> 00:51:36,161
and I was told that his voice
was very weak,
627
00:51:36,281 --> 00:51:37,761
so it would probably take about a week
628
00:51:37,881 --> 00:51:40,201
before, you know, I could understand
what he was saying.
629
00:51:40,321 --> 00:51:43,641
Of course,
because of Stephen's circumstances,
630
00:51:43,761 --> 00:51:46,601
you could say
no day was really normal.
631
00:51:48,161 --> 00:51:52,081
Stephen had these massive batteries
that... in his wheelchair
632
00:51:52,201 --> 00:51:54,281
and, of course, he had spares,
and so I loaded as many as I could
633
00:51:54,401 --> 00:51:56,201
on the bottom
of Stephen's wheelchair
634
00:51:56,321 --> 00:51:58,801
and Stephen didn't know
that I had loaded it down so heavily
635
00:51:58,921 --> 00:52:01,081
and I didn't want to have to carry
the thing, so he starts up the hill
636
00:52:01,201 --> 00:52:03,241
and then I see him turning the corner
and he's about...
637
00:52:03,361 --> 00:52:07,201
10... about 20 metres away
and I see him slowly tipping backwards
638
00:52:07,321 --> 00:52:10,681
and he fell over into the bushes.
639
00:52:13,841 --> 00:52:17,761
Yeah, it was somewhat alarming to see
the master of gravity being overcome
640
00:52:17,881 --> 00:52:22,201
by the Earth's gravitational field
and falling into the... into the bushes.
641
00:52:22,321 --> 00:52:25,001
I went up to retrieve him
and he was, of course, quite upset
642
00:52:25,121 --> 00:52:26,161
and it was perhaps good
643
00:52:26,281 --> 00:52:28,841
that I couldn't understand
all that he said on that occasion.
644
00:52:30,881 --> 00:52:34,121
I could have caught that
if I realised it was gonna stop.
645
00:52:35,201 --> 00:52:36,841
Although
my increasing disabilities
646
00:52:36,961 --> 00:52:40,481
were greatly affecting my life
more and more,
647
00:52:40,601 --> 00:52:44,361
I was fiercely reluctant
to accept nursing care.
648
00:52:47,801 --> 00:52:51,841
I was convinced that I could build
a team of people around me
649
00:52:51,961 --> 00:52:54,561
who could care for me
in their own way.
650
00:52:54,681 --> 00:52:56,201
We didn't have any nurses
651
00:52:56,321 --> 00:53:01,281
at all in the department - that was part
of my role. I would look after him.
652
00:53:01,401 --> 00:53:03,961
- You'd like to reply to that one?
- Mm-hm.
653
00:53:04,081 --> 00:53:05,801
Well, I had to wipe his nose,
654
00:53:05,921 --> 00:53:11,081
comb his hair for him
if it was falling down into his eyes
655
00:53:11,201 --> 00:53:15,001
and I could see that when he was eating
or drinking
656
00:53:15,121 --> 00:53:20,841
this could cause a problem
and a very big one for me
657
00:53:20,961 --> 00:53:24,641
because I didn't have
any nursing training whatsoever.
658
00:53:27,041 --> 00:53:29,961
He would have these coughing fits
that would be quite severe
659
00:53:30,081 --> 00:53:33,121
and, you know, you'd sort of think he
was gonna choke and die at any moment.
660
00:53:34,481 --> 00:53:37,881
I felt responsible to try to give him
the best care that I could,
661
00:53:38,001 --> 00:53:40,841
but it was scary thinking
what might happen to him.
662
00:53:44,561 --> 00:53:49,881
One night Stephen had
the most horrendous choking fit
663
00:53:50,001 --> 00:53:52,161
and I just didn't know what to do
664
00:53:52,281 --> 00:53:53,801
and everything just shook,
665
00:53:53,921 --> 00:53:56,041
windows rattled, doors shook.
666
00:53:56,161 --> 00:53:59,761
It was the most terrifying experience
667
00:53:59,881 --> 00:54:01,681
and it could have been critical.
668
00:54:04,041 --> 00:54:07,681
Although I was able to live
and work as I wanted,
669
00:54:07,801 --> 00:54:10,321
I was never really able to understand
670
00:54:10,441 --> 00:54:13,921
the strain it was placing
on the people around me...
671
00:54:15,201 --> 00:54:17,561
...especially my wife, Jane.
672
00:54:20,481 --> 00:54:25,201
I was beginning to feel that there
were two faces to our situation...
673
00:54:28,321 --> 00:54:35,321
...one was the public image,
the wunderkind of physics, um...
674
00:54:35,441 --> 00:54:39,641
who had overcome motor neurone disease,
675
00:54:39,761 --> 00:54:43,161
who was whizzing round the world
in his wheelchair
676
00:54:43,281 --> 00:54:45,801
to receive honours and medals,
677
00:54:45,921 --> 00:54:51,681
and the other side, the other face,
was the home situation,
678
00:54:51,801 --> 00:54:57,081
where sometimes the illness forced us
into our own little black hole.
679
00:55:10,281 --> 00:55:14,041
The decline in my health
was a stark reminder
680
00:55:14,042 --> 00:55:16,442
that time was against me.
681
00:55:16,561 --> 00:55:20,161
Yet despite the pressures
on my family
682
00:55:20,281 --> 00:55:23,721
I was determined to realise
a lifelong ambition
683
00:55:23,841 --> 00:55:27,801
by writing a popular book
about how the universe had begun.
684
00:55:29,121 --> 00:55:31,201
I wanted the book to be read
685
00:55:31,321 --> 00:55:36,441
by millions of people around the world,
like a bestselling airport novel.
686
00:55:37,761 --> 00:55:39,281
I did not think it would work.
687
00:55:39,401 --> 00:55:42,401
I did not think it would work
because basically
688
00:55:42,521 --> 00:55:45,401
if you look at all the other
books in airports
689
00:55:45,521 --> 00:55:47,201
there are none like that!
690
00:55:47,321 --> 00:55:51,641
However, I felt sure
that the mass market
691
00:55:51,761 --> 00:55:54,481
would want to know about
how the universe began.
692
00:55:55,641 --> 00:56:00,081
By 1984,
I had completed the first chapter.
693
00:56:00,201 --> 00:56:02,521
There was great interest in him.
694
00:56:02,641 --> 00:56:05,081
He was a great public figure,
695
00:56:05,201 --> 00:56:07,721
so actually every publisher in town
was interested in the book.
696
00:56:07,841 --> 00:56:10,161
I guess we had a contract
ready for him to sign
697
00:56:10,281 --> 00:56:14,361
and I had heard that he was
going to be in Chicago,
698
00:56:14,481 --> 00:56:16,961
so I was there and waiting,
699
00:56:17,081 --> 00:56:18,721
and then this car pulls
into the parking lot
700
00:56:18,841 --> 00:56:23,681
and this gentleman gets out
and he goes back to the passenger door
701
00:56:23,801 --> 00:56:28,401
and scoops out what looks like a kind of
life-size, broken doll into his arms,
702
00:56:28,521 --> 00:56:30,921
and brings it back to the wheelchair
703
00:56:31,041 --> 00:56:34,241
and kind of gently eases the doll
into place
704
00:56:34,361 --> 00:56:37,001
and suddenly
the doll becomes animated.
705
00:56:37,121 --> 00:56:39,681
As soon as that hand
is on the controls,
706
00:56:39,801 --> 00:56:44,841
the thing literally kicks into life, spins
around two, three times and takes off.
707
00:56:44,961 --> 00:56:46,881
And then Brian shouts to me,
I've gotten out of my car,
708
00:56:47,001 --> 00:56:50,001
he shouts, "Is that you?
Is that Peter Guzzardi?"
709
00:56:50,121 --> 00:56:51,721
and I said, "Yes, it's... it's me!"
710
00:56:51,841 --> 00:56:54,721
and he says, "Well, quick, follow us -
that's Professor Hawking!"
711
00:56:58,921 --> 00:57:00,521
I signed up with Peter
712
00:57:00,641 --> 00:57:04,121
and set to work completing
the first draft of my book.
713
00:57:05,401 --> 00:57:09,801
I tried to simplify the physics
as best I could, and by the end
714
00:57:09,921 --> 00:57:13,001
I was pleased and felt
it was in pretty good shape.
715
00:57:14,241 --> 00:57:16,961
But Peter wasn't convinced.
716
00:57:17,081 --> 00:57:20,481
I was pretty disappointed, yeah.
717
00:57:20,601 --> 00:57:22,961
I thought, "This is gonna be
really difficult."
718
00:57:24,081 --> 00:57:27,641
But I just decided we'd made
a substantial commitment to it
719
00:57:27,761 --> 00:57:29,441
and, by God,
we were gonna do this book,
720
00:57:29,561 --> 00:57:33,641
so let's just start slogging and then
maybe lightning would strike,
721
00:57:33,761 --> 00:57:35,841
or something wonderful would happen.
722
00:57:43,561 --> 00:57:45,801
Lightning did indeed strike,
723
00:57:45,921 --> 00:57:48,761
but not in the way
that Peter and I were hoping.
724
00:57:50,641 --> 00:57:54,201
That summer,
I had taken a break from rewriting,
725
00:57:54,321 --> 00:57:56,921
to travel to Switzerland on holiday...
726
00:57:58,281 --> 00:58:01,281
...but while I was there
I caught a chest infection
727
00:58:01,401 --> 00:58:06,161
that developed into pneumonia
and quickly became very serious.
728
00:58:10,041 --> 00:58:14,841
I was put into a drug-induced coma
and onto a life-support machine.
729
00:58:16,561 --> 00:58:19,161
The doctors thought I was so far gone,
730
00:58:19,281 --> 00:58:22,601
they offered to Jane
to turn off the machine.
731
00:58:23,841 --> 00:58:25,161
But she refused.
732
00:58:26,361 --> 00:58:32,041
Finally, Jane insisted
that I was flown back to Cambridge.
733
00:58:33,801 --> 00:58:35,761
I remember very vividly
734
00:58:35,881 --> 00:58:38,401
walking through the doors
and being really
735
00:58:38,521 --> 00:58:43,801
quite rocked by what I saw
when I got in there
736
00:58:43,921 --> 00:58:48,521
and I realised that Stephen was
really very, very ill.
737
00:58:49,561 --> 00:58:52,961
Things were not looking good.
738
00:58:55,401 --> 00:58:57,121
He could have died.
739
00:58:58,321 --> 00:59:01,081
We were just told
that he couldn't breathe
740
00:59:01,201 --> 00:59:04,241
and, of course, we knew
how weak he was at that time,
741
00:59:04,242 --> 00:59:06,442
and he had been ill before
742
00:59:06,561 --> 00:59:09,641
and we all knew
that he was on borrowed time.
743
00:59:13,281 --> 00:59:17,641
The weeks of intensive care
were the darkest of my life.
744
00:59:17,761 --> 00:59:22,921
I felt I had always fought my illness
so hard that I was not prepared
745
00:59:23,041 --> 00:59:26,081
to give in so easily.
746
00:59:27,441 --> 00:59:32,041
Slowly, the drugs began to work
and the infection passed,
747
00:59:32,161 --> 00:59:36,281
but the surgeons had to perform a
tracheotomy to allow me to breathe,
748
00:59:36,401 --> 00:59:40,401
which made a small incision
in my windpipe
749
00:59:40,521 --> 00:59:44,321
and connected me to a ventilator
via the hole in my throat.
750
00:59:46,161 --> 00:59:50,161
As a result, I was now robbed
of the ability to talk.
751
00:59:53,081 --> 00:59:56,961
I faced a life
unable to properly communicate.
752
00:59:57,081 --> 01:00:00,601
It was a very worrying time
for everyone around him
753
01:00:00,721 --> 01:00:03,801
and you're thinking, "Do you think
you'll ever be able to talk again?"
754
01:00:03,921 --> 01:00:06,521
or, "How will you work
if you can't talk?"
755
01:00:07,761 --> 01:00:09,641
So, yes, it was a very bleak time.
756
01:00:11,441 --> 01:00:15,841
All hopes of finishing my book,
and perhaps even my career,
757
01:00:15,961 --> 01:00:17,121
seemed to be over.
758
01:00:20,281 --> 01:00:23,561
It was very tense for everybody.
It was incredibly tense.
759
01:00:24,921 --> 01:00:29,201
It was difficult to think that Stephen
was going to come out of there
760
01:00:29,321 --> 01:00:31,001
and be OK.
761
01:00:40,241 --> 01:00:43,561
As the weeks of my recovery
turned into months,
762
01:00:43,681 --> 01:00:49,161
it became obvious to me, and everyone
around me, that being on a ventilator
763
01:00:49,281 --> 01:00:54,681
meant that I needed constant care
and monitoring to keep alive.
764
01:00:56,601 --> 01:01:01,041
This was a very
big realisation that
765
01:01:01,042 --> 01:01:04,042
things were going to dramatically change
766
01:01:04,161 --> 01:01:09,561
and that this was going to be needing
24-hour-a-day nursing care.
767
01:01:10,721 --> 01:01:15,201
Their lives were never, ever
going to be the same again.
768
01:01:17,521 --> 01:01:22,601
Once nurses came into the house...
life changed.
769
01:01:24,201 --> 01:01:28,761
And that was very difficult
for all of us - for me, for the children.
770
01:01:29,961 --> 01:01:31,801
Home was no longer home.
771
01:01:33,961 --> 01:01:36,681
There was no privacy, no privacy,
772
01:01:36,801 --> 01:01:40,601
because the walls
were listening to everything.
773
01:01:44,481 --> 01:01:47,161
Despite the intrusions
on family life,
774
01:01:47,281 --> 01:01:50,681
with the nurses' help,
I grew stronger.
775
01:01:56,601 --> 01:02:00,241
Yet I still felt trapped
inside my body.
776
01:02:00,361 --> 01:02:04,361
For a time, at home,
I could communicate
777
01:02:04,481 --> 01:02:06,601
only by raising my eyebrows
778
01:02:06,721 --> 01:02:11,041
when someone pointed to letters
on a card.
779
01:02:11,161 --> 01:02:15,681
All thoughts of work
and finishing my book grew distant.
780
01:02:22,361 --> 01:02:26,481
But then, quite unexpectedly,
a glimmer of hope
781
01:02:26,601 --> 01:02:29,441
came from across the water.
782
01:02:31,041 --> 01:02:35,121
I got a call from a physicist
and he said, "I know
783
01:02:35,241 --> 01:02:38,961
"you're working on computer systems
for people with ALS."
784
01:02:39,081 --> 01:02:41,441
He says, "I've got someone in England,
785
01:02:41,561 --> 01:02:43,361
"he's a professor of physics,
786
01:02:43,481 --> 01:02:47,601
"who lost the ability to speak
and he needs a system."
787
01:02:49,321 --> 01:02:50,761
The system was called Equalizer
788
01:02:50,881 --> 01:02:54,281
and the top part of the screen
was a set of letters,
789
01:02:54,401 --> 01:02:58,881
rows of letters, and then the bottom part
of the screen was rows of words -
790
01:02:59,001 --> 01:03:01,441
36 very frequently used words,
791
01:03:01,561 --> 01:03:06,041
so he could choose
the top part or the bottom part.
792
01:03:06,161 --> 01:03:09,601
He learned that very quickly
and I was blown away by it.
793
01:03:09,721 --> 01:03:13,441
He was... He was scanning
just amazingly fast.
794
01:03:15,881 --> 01:03:19,041
I had enough movement
in my right hand
795
01:03:19,161 --> 01:03:23,481
to be able to click the computer system
and write the words I wanted.
796
01:03:25,481 --> 01:03:28,681
Finally, I was free
to communicate again.
797
01:03:30,121 --> 01:03:36,281
I was keen to make up the lost time
that my illness had forced upon me.
798
01:03:36,401 --> 01:03:40,081
I had a stack of notes
from Peter Guzzardi
799
01:03:40,201 --> 01:03:44,601
suggesting changes
and clarifications to my book,
800
01:03:44,721 --> 01:03:48,801
but I needed practical help
with the rewrite at my end,
801
01:03:48,921 --> 01:03:51,561
someone who could act
as a go-between.
802
01:03:51,681 --> 01:03:54,601
...is keeping the graphic
as simple as we can.
803
01:03:54,721 --> 01:03:56,081
The people in the States
804
01:03:56,201 --> 01:03:58,521
were speaking on a loudspeaker phone
in his office
805
01:03:58,641 --> 01:04:03,801
and Stephen was writing, using
his new computer system on the screen
806
01:04:03,921 --> 01:04:08,161
and then you would say
what he was saying over the phone.
807
01:04:08,281 --> 01:04:10,921
We were just sort of
cobbling it together,
808
01:04:11,041 --> 01:04:13,121
I think, is probably the right term.
809
01:04:13,241 --> 01:04:18,081
I had no idea what was going on
on Stephen's side of this,
810
01:04:18,201 --> 01:04:22,001
where it seems that he was persuading
Stephen that this was OK,
811
01:04:22,121 --> 01:04:26,321
helping Stephen off the walls
if Stephen started to think,
812
01:04:26,441 --> 01:04:28,841
"Why the hell
am I spending all this time
813
01:04:28,961 --> 01:04:31,881
"making this idiot
understand this basic stuff?"
814
01:04:32,161 --> 01:04:36,361
After months of work,
the rewrite was complete.
815
01:04:36,481 --> 01:04:40,161
None of us really knew
whether the book would be liked
816
01:04:40,281 --> 01:04:42,641
and would sell as we all hoped for.
817
01:04:42,761 --> 01:04:46,161
All we could do now
was give it a title -
818
01:04:46,281 --> 01:04:51,721
A Brief History Of Time -
send it off to the printers and wait.
819
01:04:56,761 --> 01:05:02,481
But to everyone's surprise
the book sold copy after copy
820
01:05:02,601 --> 01:05:05,881
and very quickly
bookshops were selling out.
821
01:05:06,001 --> 01:05:08,441
When it hit the bestseller list,
you're obviously surprised.
822
01:05:08,561 --> 01:05:10,961
It was a pleasant surprise
and it certainly was a surprise.
823
01:05:11,081 --> 01:05:13,801
I don't think you'll find anybody -
maybe I'm wrong - who'll say,
824
01:05:13,921 --> 01:05:16,481
"'Oh, yes, we knew all along
this was going to be a major hit."
825
01:05:16,601 --> 01:05:18,641
I had no expectation
that it was going to be
826
01:05:18,761 --> 01:05:21,401
the number-one bestselling book
in the world.
827
01:05:21,521 --> 01:05:24,161
I mean, not just here,
but in Germany, Slovenia,
828
01:05:24,281 --> 01:05:28,401
France, Italy - everywhere in the world
there was the hope
829
01:05:28,521 --> 01:05:31,521
that someone had found
the mystery of life.
830
01:05:31,641 --> 01:05:35,481
And from then on it was just a race
to keep the book in print
831
01:05:35,601 --> 01:05:39,441
and marching towards
a million copies sold.
832
01:05:39,561 --> 01:05:42,201
You know, it was very gratifying!
833
01:05:42,321 --> 01:05:46,681
Er, you know, in the 38 years
that I've been in this business,
834
01:05:46,801 --> 01:05:51,121
um...I don't think
I've ever had a book
835
01:05:51,241 --> 01:05:54,921
that stayed at the top
of the bestseller list that long.
836
01:05:55,041 --> 01:05:59,681
Well, I was amazed
at how well it did. I think it worked.
837
01:05:59,801 --> 01:06:01,081
He inspired people.
838
01:06:01,201 --> 01:06:05,081
He gave people some overall sense
of the birth of the universe
839
01:06:05,201 --> 01:06:10,801
and it made this subject become
a subject of conversation
840
01:06:10,921 --> 01:06:13,201
among people in all walks of life.
841
01:06:13,321 --> 01:06:15,961
Professor Stephen Hawking's book
842
01:06:16,081 --> 01:06:17,961
A Brief History Of Time,
an unlikely
843
01:06:18,081 --> 01:06:19,801
but successful
publishing phenomenon...
844
01:06:19,921 --> 01:06:23,641
A Brief History Of Time
has sold about eight million copies...
845
01:06:23,761 --> 01:06:25,281
A popular book
about his theories
846
01:06:25,401 --> 01:06:28,321
is already topping
the American bestsellers' list...
847
01:06:28,441 --> 01:06:30,281
The hugely successful
A Brief History Of Time
848
01:06:30,401 --> 01:06:31,841
by Stephen Hawking...
849
01:06:33,281 --> 01:06:35,961
A Brief History Of Time
stayed in the bestseller list
850
01:06:36,081 --> 01:06:38,081
for over four years
851
01:06:38,201 --> 01:06:41,961
and entered into The Guinness Book
Of Records for doing so.
852
01:06:42,081 --> 01:06:45,881
To date, over 10 million copies
have been sold worldwide.
853
01:06:54,201 --> 01:06:59,121
Over the next few years,
a lot of fuss was made about my book.
854
01:06:59,241 --> 01:07:02,801
I became famous nationally
and around the world,
855
01:07:02,921 --> 01:07:06,241
as it was translated
into 40 different languages.
856
01:07:06,361 --> 01:07:09,321
...delighted to welcome
Professor Stephen Hawking.
857
01:07:12,241 --> 01:07:14,641
I was invited onto chat shows...
858
01:07:14,761 --> 01:07:17,481
Well, I think people do think of you
as a genius,
859
01:07:17,601 --> 01:07:19,841
not just as a disabled genius.
860
01:07:19,961 --> 01:07:23,721
...and I've made
a cameo appearance on Star Trek,
861
01:07:23,841 --> 01:07:26,161
my favourite sci-fi show.
862
01:07:26,281 --> 01:07:30,401
- You are bluffing.
- Wrong again, Albert!
863
01:07:34,281 --> 01:07:37,641
I enjoyed the media attention
864
01:07:37,761 --> 01:07:42,441
and witnessing everyday people
getting more involved in understanding
865
01:07:42,561 --> 01:07:45,281
the physics of our universe.
866
01:07:47,481 --> 01:07:52,921
But soon the press wanted to know
more about me, my illness
867
01:07:53,041 --> 01:07:55,041
and my family life.
868
01:08:01,601 --> 01:08:05,521
He wanted this
worldwide celebrity, he enjoys that.
869
01:08:05,641 --> 01:08:09,481
Part of his whole outlook on life
and his science is that it's fun
870
01:08:09,601 --> 01:08:10,881
and celebrity was fun
871
01:08:11,001 --> 01:08:12,481
and he embraced it
872
01:08:12,601 --> 01:08:16,681
in a way that was not necessarily
very good for the family, the children.
873
01:08:18,241 --> 01:08:22,321
So this was a further real problem
in the marriage.
874
01:08:24,681 --> 01:08:28,041
We were engulfed and swept away
875
01:08:28,161 --> 01:08:33,321
by this great wave
of fame and fortune...
876
01:08:37,361 --> 01:08:38,601
...and I have to say
877
01:08:38,721 --> 01:08:42,841
that really it all got rather too much
for me to cope with
878
01:08:42,961 --> 01:08:49,241
and I suppose that's when we ceased
to be as happy as we had been
879
01:08:49,361 --> 01:08:52,361
and when the marriage broke up
880
01:08:52,481 --> 01:08:55,721
I felt as if a rug,
881
01:08:55,841 --> 01:08:59,201
not just had been pulled up
from under my feet,
882
01:08:59,321 --> 01:09:03,001
but the earth had opened up
under that rug and swallowed me up,
883
01:09:03,121 --> 01:09:06,161
because the marriage had
been my raison d'étre.
884
01:09:07,761 --> 01:09:13,321
And it took me quite a little while
to recover my sense of my own identity.
885
01:09:21,881 --> 01:09:24,921
It was clear
that my life and Jane's
886
01:09:25,041 --> 01:09:27,841
were beginning to follow
different paths.
887
01:09:28,881 --> 01:09:34,881
In 1990 we separated,
and were divorced in 1995.
888
01:09:40,961 --> 01:09:45,001
In the same year, I announced
my engagement to Elaine Mason
889
01:09:45,121 --> 01:09:46,521
and married again.
890
01:09:48,641 --> 01:09:51,441
Elaine had been one of my nurses
891
01:09:51,561 --> 01:09:54,721
from the start
of my 24-hour wraparound care.
892
01:09:56,681 --> 01:10:01,201
Over the years, we
had become extremely close
893
01:10:01,202 --> 01:10:03,402
as Jane and I drifted apart,
894
01:10:03,521 --> 01:10:06,881
each seeking comfort and love
through new relationships.
895
01:10:12,081 --> 01:10:16,881
Elaine became closer to Stephen
than any of the other nurses.
896
01:10:20,961 --> 01:10:25,361
When he travelled, he would prefer
to have her with him over the others.
897
01:10:25,481 --> 01:10:27,561
It became a close relationship.
898
01:10:30,801 --> 01:10:36,041
My marriage to Elaine
was passionate and tempestuous.
899
01:10:36,161 --> 01:10:39,761
She saved my life
on several occasions
900
01:10:39,881 --> 01:10:46,601
and we were together for 11 years,
before divorcing in 2006.
901
01:10:47,921 --> 01:10:52,361
The low point was when the press
printed unsubstantiated allegations
902
01:10:52,481 --> 01:10:55,321
that I had been the victim
of domestic violence.
903
01:10:56,921 --> 01:11:01,321
To my mind, this was
a gross invasion of our privacy
904
01:11:01,441 --> 01:11:05,001
and it was an extremely hurtful
and damaging time for us both.
905
01:11:06,041 --> 01:11:10,481
Unfortunately, being in the public eye
can have its drawbacks.
906
01:11:31,881 --> 01:11:36,361
Living a very public life does, however,
have its upsides too.
907
01:11:37,721 --> 01:11:42,161
At work, I am often visited
by famous people who share
908
01:11:42,281 --> 01:11:45,881
an interest in space
and the universe we live in.
909
01:11:46,001 --> 01:11:49,401
Sometimes, even astronauts drop by.
910
01:11:52,201 --> 01:11:58,401
My voice is listened to because
I did something 43 years ago
911
01:11:58,521 --> 01:12:02,161
and I have the sense of humans
912
01:12:02,281 --> 01:12:04,841
reaching outward and succeeding,
913
01:12:04,961 --> 01:12:09,401
but I believe
that he is valued more because
914
01:12:09,521 --> 01:12:14,561
he has the pure analytical
combined with
915
01:12:14,681 --> 01:12:16,201
the philosophical
916
01:12:16,321 --> 01:12:18,841
that comes from his understanding
917
01:12:18,961 --> 01:12:22,721
of the beginnings and the ends
of the universe.
918
01:12:28,161 --> 01:12:32,401
I have often dreamt about
travelling through space myself.
919
01:12:35,641 --> 01:12:41,361
Recently, I got closer by
experiencing a zero gravity flight.
920
01:12:43,561 --> 01:12:49,161
It was also a moment that temporarily
stripped me of my disability -
921
01:12:49,281 --> 01:12:52,201
a feeling of true freedom.
922
01:13:37,201 --> 01:13:41,321
I believe the pioneering efforts
of the early astronauts like Buzz
923
01:13:41,441 --> 01:13:44,281
need to be taken onto the next level.
924
01:13:46,041 --> 01:13:47,721
I am convinced that one day
925
01:13:47,841 --> 01:13:52,401
humans will have to colonise
other planets in order to survive.
926
01:13:56,321 --> 01:13:59,681
Space travel will become
an everyday necessity.
927
01:14:03,921 --> 01:14:07,881
Until then, I hope to be
one of the first ordinary people
928
01:14:08,001 --> 01:14:09,561
to blast off into space.
929
01:14:09,681 --> 01:14:12,561
But I will need a little help.
930
01:14:18,561 --> 01:14:22,161
I just couldn't think
of anybody in the world
931
01:14:22,281 --> 01:14:25,321
that we'd rather send to space
than Stephen Hawking,
932
01:14:25,441 --> 01:14:27,921
and, you know, we haven't offered
anybody a free ticket,
933
01:14:28,041 --> 01:14:30,441
but it was the one person in the world
that we felt, you know,
934
01:14:30,561 --> 01:14:32,241
we'd love to invite you to space.
935
01:14:36,481 --> 01:14:37,481
Pressure check.
936
01:14:39,041 --> 01:14:42,281
And it was incredible when he accepted
and I went up and saw him that day
937
01:14:42,401 --> 01:14:43,881
and he told me to hurry up
938
01:14:44,001 --> 01:14:47,481
and get the spaceship built
because he wasn't going to live forever,
939
01:14:47,601 --> 01:14:50,641
and hopefully next year we'll take
him up and I think that, you know,
940
01:14:50,761 --> 01:14:54,481
he feels that if he goes into space
personally, he can...he can lead the way.
941
01:14:58,401 --> 01:15:02,721
My hopes for space travel
have been with me throughout my life.
942
01:15:04,001 --> 01:15:08,041
But as my wheels are still firmly
planted here on Planet Earth,
943
01:15:08,161 --> 01:15:09,601
I will keep on dreaming.
944
01:15:17,281 --> 01:15:21,361
As I am now considered
a so-called "famous" person,
945
01:15:21,481 --> 01:15:24,921
more and more of my time is taken up
with my public life.
946
01:15:26,481 --> 01:15:31,161
For this, I rely greatly
upon my team around me.
947
01:15:33,241 --> 01:15:37,441
You are really
the gatekeeper in this role.
948
01:15:37,561 --> 01:15:41,001
You get the general fan mail,
hero-worshipping him, really,
949
01:15:41,121 --> 01:15:42,641
then you get people who are obsessed
950
01:15:42,761 --> 01:15:47,601
with religion and God and the fact that
Professor Hawking doesn't appear to have
951
01:15:47,721 --> 01:15:52,081
a god as such that they can,
um, feel comfortable about,
952
01:15:52,201 --> 01:15:55,601
so you get a huge range
of what we call the "god letters",
953
01:15:55,721 --> 01:15:59,281
and then you get letters
from the disabled,
954
01:15:59,401 --> 01:16:02,841
serious scientists - mostly people
955
01:16:02,961 --> 01:16:07,401
full of admiration for Professor Hawking
and what he has achieved.
956
01:16:07,521 --> 01:16:09,241
He is a great iconic figure
957
01:16:09,361 --> 01:16:13,281
and he enjoys his public appearances
958
01:16:13,401 --> 01:16:15,921
and it's great
that, you know, he's still very engaged
959
01:16:16,041 --> 01:16:18,721
with everything that surrounds him.
960
01:16:22,721 --> 01:16:27,041
So if you want to explore
the inside of a black hole,
961
01:16:27,161 --> 01:16:28,721
choose a big one.
962
01:16:31,161 --> 01:16:34,361
People have searched
for many black holes of this mass
963
01:16:34,481 --> 01:16:37,041
but have, so far, not found any.
964
01:16:37,161 --> 01:16:44,081
This is a pity because, if they had,
I would have got a Nobel Prize.
965
01:16:49,681 --> 01:16:52,401
If you had asked me 40 years ago
966
01:16:52,521 --> 01:16:56,361
if I ever thought I would be talking
in front of a sell-out crowd
967
01:16:56,481 --> 01:17:00,521
and be a part of popular culture,
I would have laughed.
968
01:17:01,641 --> 01:17:06,881
But if my getting involved
with the zeitgeist that is upon us
969
01:17:07,001 --> 01:17:11,961
has encouraged people to question
our universe, then I am OK.
970
01:17:13,001 --> 01:17:14,641
Stephen Hawking!
971
01:17:14,761 --> 01:17:17,441
- The world's smartest man.
- What are you doing here?
972
01:17:17,561 --> 01:17:20,681
If you are looking for trouble,
you've found it.
973
01:17:20,801 --> 01:17:22,601
Yeah, just try me, you... Oh!
974
01:17:25,561 --> 01:17:29,241
He's willing to teach people
in whatever way he has to teach people -
975
01:17:29,361 --> 01:17:33,041
you can't take yourself too seriously
no matter how intelligent
976
01:17:33,161 --> 01:17:35,521
or how important the work you're doing is.
977
01:17:35,641 --> 01:17:37,321
- This is Jim's phone.
- It's for me!
978
01:17:37,441 --> 01:17:39,921
- It's such an honour. It's for you.
- Hello!
979
01:17:40,041 --> 01:17:43,201
Whenever I do a talk show,
I'm trying to think of ways to do things
980
01:17:43,321 --> 01:17:47,161
that are completely different
and completely ridiculous.
981
01:17:47,281 --> 01:17:49,681
Most people see Dumb & Dumber
and they assume that that's who I am,
982
01:17:49,801 --> 01:17:53,561
so I thought, "Well, wouldn't it be
wonderful to, like, partner up
983
01:17:53,681 --> 01:17:55,641
"with the smartest man on the Earth?"
984
01:17:55,761 --> 01:17:57,681
Oh, excuse me!
985
01:17:57,801 --> 01:17:59,441
Hello.
986
01:18:04,201 --> 01:18:07,001
Oh, hi, Stephen Hawking!
I can't believe it!
987
01:18:07,121 --> 01:18:09,641
He was wonderful.
He was just fantastic.
988
01:18:09,761 --> 01:18:13,481
I was... I was expecting him
to be so serious about himself
989
01:18:13,601 --> 01:18:16,081
and, er, I think it was a relief for him
990
01:18:16,201 --> 01:18:19,441
to, er... to completely make fun
of the whole thing.
991
01:18:27,281 --> 01:18:28,721
It's amazing.
992
01:18:36,521 --> 01:18:37,441
Yeah, I know.
993
01:18:37,561 --> 01:18:41,001
He did a great job of doing the lines
that I'd written
994
01:18:41,121 --> 01:18:44,801
and... and, er, and he was just
gung ho the whole time.
995
01:18:46,801 --> 01:18:47,801
OK.
996
01:18:54,961 --> 01:18:55,961
Oh!
997
01:18:57,521 --> 01:18:59,041
No, you're a genius!
998
01:19:00,281 --> 01:19:02,001
No! You are!
999
01:19:02,121 --> 01:19:05,481
After we did the routine,
we kind of struck up a friendship,
1000
01:19:05,601 --> 01:19:08,161
so I was invited to his home
1001
01:19:08,281 --> 01:19:10,321
and one of the funny highlights
of the night
1002
01:19:10,441 --> 01:19:12,881
was that, er... was that
while we were having dinner
1003
01:19:13,001 --> 01:19:14,801
I asked him, you know,
just for a picture,
1004
01:19:14,921 --> 01:19:17,241
"Could you run over my foot
with your wheelchair?"
1005
01:19:17,361 --> 01:19:21,361
And that... So I have a picture of me
grimacing in agony and stuff,
1006
01:19:21,481 --> 01:19:25,761
so it was wonderful, wonderful to be
there, wonderful to talk to him
1007
01:19:25,881 --> 01:19:27,961
and ask him
important questions like,
1008
01:19:28,081 --> 01:19:31,921
"How many Higgs boson
does it take to screw in a light bulb?'
1009
01:19:32,041 --> 01:19:33,801
And, er, I think
he's still struggling with that.
1010
01:19:36,881 --> 01:19:38,921
Look out!
1011
01:19:42,521 --> 01:19:46,281
It has been a lot of fun
and also very strange
1012
01:19:46,401 --> 01:19:49,921
to see myself depicted in so many ways,
1013
01:19:50,041 --> 01:19:53,361
but perhaps the strangest
is to have had
1014
01:19:53,481 --> 01:19:56,401
part of my early life
portrayed by an actor.
1015
01:19:57,721 --> 01:20:01,721
I felt a huge onus of responsibility
to get that part of his life right.
1016
01:20:01,841 --> 01:20:03,361
There was so much that
happened to him.
1017
01:20:03,481 --> 01:20:05,401
It's a terrifying prospect
1018
01:20:05,521 --> 01:20:08,521
to have a completely functioning mind
inside a body
1019
01:20:08,641 --> 01:20:12,441
that locks you in,
that keeps you stationary.
1020
01:20:25,121 --> 01:20:28,281
One of the things I wanted to get right
was to show the stages
1021
01:20:28,401 --> 01:20:34,081
of the progression of his condition and
where the instability and fear came from.
1022
01:20:34,201 --> 01:20:37,481
The very obvious details, such as being
at the top of a flight of stairs,
1023
01:20:37,601 --> 01:20:40,321
that suddenly becomes the most
enormous obstacle,
1024
01:20:40,441 --> 01:20:44,961
being on any sort of uneven ground -
those feelings of vulnerability.
1025
01:20:46,281 --> 01:20:47,721
He's incredibly stoic.
1026
01:20:47,841 --> 01:20:50,121
I think that was probably the case
when he was younger as well.
1027
01:20:50,241 --> 01:20:52,441
I think he rolled up his sleeves
and got on with it,
1028
01:20:52,561 --> 01:20:54,081
and look at the results.
1029
01:20:54,201 --> 01:20:56,041
I mean, it's self-evident -
1030
01:20:56,161 --> 01:21:00,881
the man became, er, a spokesperson
for the most complex ideas.
1031
01:21:18,001 --> 01:21:19,521
Right, Stephen, we're going to put
1032
01:21:19,641 --> 01:21:21,521
your hat on you, so you don't get wet.
1033
01:21:22,721 --> 01:21:25,881
The straps go round,
so it holds the hat on.
1034
01:21:27,281 --> 01:21:31,561
- Look at you!
- He thinks we're mean.
1035
01:21:31,681 --> 01:21:33,401
"Have you got a hat?"
"Yeah, gangster hat."
1036
01:21:33,521 --> 01:21:36,841
It's the don!
1037
01:21:36,961 --> 01:21:40,281
One advantage of being
a public figure
1038
01:21:40,401 --> 01:21:42,881
is being asked to do special things.
1039
01:21:43,001 --> 01:21:49,001
Today I am centre stage at the opening
ceremony of the Paralympics Games
1040
01:21:49,121 --> 01:21:52,041
and it's an honour to do so.
1041
01:22:03,721 --> 01:22:06,241
Ever since the dawn of civilisation,
1042
01:22:06,361 --> 01:22:12,241
people have craved for an understanding
of the underlying order of the world.
1043
01:22:13,561 --> 01:22:17,281
There ought to be something very
special about the boundary conditions
1044
01:22:17,401 --> 01:22:19,241
of the universe...
1045
01:22:21,081 --> 01:22:24,401
...and what can be more special than that
there is no boundary?
1046
01:22:27,921 --> 01:22:31,521
And there should be no boundary
to human endeavour.
1047
01:22:34,441 --> 01:22:39,161
The Paralympic Games are all about
transforming our perception of the world.
1048
01:22:40,481 --> 01:22:41,881
We are all different.
1049
01:22:42,001 --> 01:22:47,081
There is no such thing as a standard
or run-of-the-mill human being,
1050
01:22:47,201 --> 01:22:49,321
but we share the same human spirit.
1051
01:22:57,801 --> 01:23:00,561
However difficult life may seem,
1052
01:23:00,681 --> 01:23:04,841
there is always something you can do
and succeed at.
1053
01:23:06,881 --> 01:23:10,801
The Games provide an opportunity
for athletes to excel,
1054
01:23:10,921 --> 01:23:15,041
to stretch themselves
and become outstanding in their field.
1055
01:23:17,081 --> 01:23:21,841
So let us together celebrate
excellence, friendship and respect.
1056
01:23:24,761 --> 01:23:26,641
Good luck to you all.
1057
01:23:45,401 --> 01:23:48,041
Oh! Goodness!
1058
01:23:57,561 --> 01:23:59,481
Oh!
1059
01:24:05,041 --> 01:24:10,041
Having lived on this
wonderful planet for over 71 years,
1060
01:24:10,161 --> 01:24:12,841
I feel my proudest achievement
has been to inspire people
1061
01:24:12,961 --> 01:24:16,081
to think about the cosmos
and our place in it.
1062
01:24:17,521 --> 01:24:19,681
Since I believe
there is no afterlife,
1063
01:24:19,801 --> 01:24:22,721
I think it's important to realise
1064
01:24:22,841 --> 01:24:27,721
we only have a very short time alive
and should make the best of it.
1065
01:24:29,001 --> 01:24:32,961
Today, I enjoy time together
with family and friends...
1066
01:24:34,001 --> 01:24:36,201
...and despite my disabilities
1067
01:24:36,321 --> 01:24:41,561
I'll always keep wondering
about the mysteries of the universe.
1068
01:24:41,681 --> 01:24:46,201
Stephen's been ill since he was 20.
1069
01:24:46,321 --> 01:24:50,761
You come to terms with
the impending bereavement
1070
01:24:50,881 --> 01:24:55,841
and then suddenly find
that it's not that impending after all.
1071
01:25:04,001 --> 01:25:06,881
I'm sure there's plenty more
he'd like to know about.
1072
01:25:07,001 --> 01:25:10,241
Think how awful it would be
to come to the end of questions.
1073
01:25:12,641 --> 01:25:17,721
Stephen will carry on until they...
push him underground.
1074
01:25:19,641 --> 01:25:22,121
You... You don't just stop your mind.
1075
01:25:25,441 --> 01:25:30,281
Stephen's always had
this determination to survive, I guess,
1076
01:25:30,401 --> 01:25:33,641
and every time Stephen gets
critically ill, I always think
1077
01:25:33,761 --> 01:25:36,361
"Oh, dear, I hope," you know,
"he's going to get through this time,"
1078
01:25:36,481 --> 01:25:38,441
and he always does.
1079
01:25:38,561 --> 01:25:41,041
He's just got this tremendous
determination to live
1080
01:25:41,161 --> 01:25:44,441
and I... and I do think there is
such a thing as the will to live.
1081
01:25:45,881 --> 01:25:48,721
There are several components
to his long survival.
1082
01:25:48,841 --> 01:25:52,641
One is
that he's, by a very large margin,
1083
01:25:52,761 --> 01:25:55,721
the most stubborn person
I've ever met.
1084
01:25:57,841 --> 01:26:00,481
He is one of those very few people
1085
01:26:00,601 --> 01:26:05,281
who can see far beyond
the borders of current knowledge
1086
01:26:05,401 --> 01:26:09,201
and see how things really work
and set the directions
1087
01:26:09,321 --> 01:26:13,681
for other people's research and
attempts to prove him right or wrong.
1088
01:26:17,601 --> 01:26:21,561
To recover from a broken marriage,
it was very, very difficult.
1089
01:26:23,041 --> 01:26:26,601
At first, we were in touch...
1090
01:26:27,681 --> 01:26:29,681
...but then it got very, very difficult,
1091
01:26:29,801 --> 01:26:33,841
but, lately, we have been able
to associate.
1092
01:26:33,961 --> 01:26:37,321
I call on him
perhaps once a fortnight.
1093
01:26:38,761 --> 01:26:42,441
All those years with Stephen
were a huge part of my life.
1094
01:26:42,561 --> 01:26:44,961
They were my young years.
1095
01:26:45,081 --> 01:26:47,401
They were my children.
1096
01:26:47,521 --> 01:26:52,721
And I can't just wipe those
from the record, and I wouldn't want to.
1097
01:26:52,841 --> 01:26:57,281
It would be self-destructive
to wipe those away
1098
01:26:57,401 --> 01:27:00,721
and I'm very, very proud of what
Stephen has done.
1099
01:27:04,761 --> 01:27:09,561
Life has thrown at me
both good times and bad.
1100
01:27:09,681 --> 01:27:14,921
Perhaps it is human nature
that we adapt and survive.
1101
01:27:18,201 --> 01:27:20,281
As for me,
1102
01:27:20,401 --> 01:27:24,121
I have lived with the prospect
of an early death most of my life.
1103
01:27:25,201 --> 01:27:29,841
I am not afraid of dying,
but I'm in no hurry to die.
1104
01:27:31,081 --> 01:27:34,441
I have so much I want to do
and find out first.
1105
01:27:39,641 --> 01:27:41,041
So, for now...
1106
01:27:42,441 --> 01:27:47,361
...goodbye and thank you for coming
on a journey through my world.
1107
01:27:57,561 --> 01:28:01,161
# Zauberfest
1108
01:28:01,281 --> 01:28:04,601
# Bezähmt ein Schlaf
1109
01:28:04,721 --> 01:28:11,001
# Der Holden Schmerz und Harm
1110
01:28:17,401 --> 01:28:23,361
# Da die Walküre zu mir frat
1111
01:28:23,481 --> 01:28:32,281
# Schuf sie ihr den wonnigen Trost?
1112
01:28:35,201 --> 01:28:40,201
# Sollte die grimmige Wal
1113
01:28:40,321 --> 01:28:48,881
# Nicht schrecken ein gramvolles Weib?
1114
01:28:58,561 --> 01:29:08,801
# Leblos scheint sie, die dennoch lebt
1115
01:29:11,121 --> 01:29:24,401
# Der Traurigen kost ein lächelnder Traum
1116
01:29:39,721 --> 01:29:48,201
# So schlummre nun fort
Bis die Schlacht gekämpft
1117
01:29:48,321 --> 01:29:57,921
# Und Friede dich erfreu'! #
1118
01:30:22,022 --> 01:30:25,022
Subtitle ripped and processed by
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1119
01:30:29,023 --> 01:30:37,023
Published 27/10/2013
@ www.podnapisi.net
1120
01:30:38,305 --> 01:30:44,670
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